Whether you are on a long or short trip, the City Tours of Zagreb show you some of the best sights in the city with a personalized service by an English-speaking guide. Along the way, you'll discover the history, traditions and culture of this wonderful land in the most amazing and unusual way. Gradec and Kaptol: A Tale of Zagreb's Two Towns. Zagreb, the capital of Croatia, was once two towns, Gradec and Kaptol. The two were uneasy neighbors for centuries, divided only by a stream called the Medveščak until the two settlements merged into today's Gornji Grad and the city continued to expand into the fields below.
History of Croatia |
---|
|
|
Timeline |
Croatia first appeared as two duchies in the 7th century, the Duchy of Croatia and the Duchy of Pannonian Croatia, which were united and elevated into the Kingdom of Croatia which lasted from 925 until 1918. From the 12th century the Kingdom of Croatia entered a Personal Union with the Kingdom of Hungary, it remained a distinct state with its ruler (Ban) and Sabor, but it elected Royal dynasties from neighboring powers, primarily Hungary, Naples and Austria.
The period from the 15th to the 17th centuries was marked by bitter struggles with the Ottoman Empire. After being incorporated in Yugoslavia for most of the 20th century, Croatia regained independence in 1991.
- 9Socialist Yugoslavia (1945–1991)
- 10Republic of Croatia (1991–present)
Prehistoric Croatia[edit]
The area known today as Croatia was inhabited throughout the prehistoric period. Fossils of Neanderthals dating to the middle Palaeolithic period have been unearthed in northern Croatia, with the most famous and the best presented site in Krapina.[1] Remnants of several Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultures were found in all regions of the country.[2] The largest proportion of the sites is in the northern Croatia river valleys, and the most significant cultures whose presence was discovered include Starčevo, Vučedol and Baden cultures.[3][4] The Iron Age left traces of the early IllyrianHallstatt culture and the CelticLa Tène culture.[5]
Much later, the region was settled by Liburnians and Illyrians, while the first Greek colonies were established on the Vis and Hvar islands.[6]
Roman provinces of Pannonia and Dalmatia[edit]
Dalmatia was the northern part[7] of the Illyrian kingdom between the 4th century BC until the Illyrian Wars in the 220s BC and 168 BC when the Roman Republic established its protectorate south of the river Neretva. The area north of the Neretva was slowly incorporated into Roman possession until the province of Illyricum was formally established c. 32–27 BC.
The Dalmatia region then became part of the Roman province of Illyricum. Between 6 and 9 AD the Dalmatians raised the last in a series of revolts together with the Pannonians, but it was finally crushed and in 10 AD Illyricum was split into two provinces, Pannonia and Dalmatia. The province of Dalmatia spread inland to cover all of the Dinaric Alps and most of the eastern Adriatic coast. Dalmatia was the birthplace of the Roman Emperor Diocletian, who, upon retirement from Emperor in AD 305, built a large palace near Salona, out of which the city of Split later developed.[8][9]
Historians such as Theodore Mommsen and Bernard Bavant argue that all Dalmatia was fully romanized and Latin speaking by the 4th century.[10] Others, such as Aleksandar Stipčević, argue that the process of romanization was rather selective and involved mostly urban centers but not the countryside, where previous Illyrian socio-political structures were adapted to Roman administration and political structure only in some necessities.[11]
Stanko Guldescu argued that the Vlachs, or Morlachs, were Latin speaking and pastoral peoples who lived in the Balkan mountains since pre-Roman times, and they are mentioned in the oldest Croatian chronicles[12]
After the Western Roman Empire collapsed in 476, with the beginning of the Migration Period, Julius Nepos shortly ruled his diminished domain from the Diocletian palace after his 476 flight from Italy.[13]The region was then ruled by the Ostrogoths up to 535, when Justinian I added the territory to the Byzantine Empire. Later, the Byzantines formed the Theme of Dalmatia in the same territory.
The Roman period ends with Avar and Croat invasions in the 6th and 7th centuries and the destruction of almost all Roman towns. Roman survivors retreated to more favourable sites on the coast, islands and mountains.[14] The city of Ragusa was founded by such survivors from Epidaurum.[15]
Early Medieval Croatia (until 925)[edit]
Oton Iveković, The Croats arrival at the Adriatic Sea.
According to the work De Administrando Imperio written by the 10th-century Byzantine Emperor Constantine VII, the Croats had arrived in what is today Croatia, from southern Poland, south of Kraków in the early 7th century, however that claim is disputed and competing hypotheses date the event between the 6th and the 9th centuries.[16] Eventually two dukedoms were formed—Duchy of Pannonia and Duchy of Dalmatia, ruled by Liudewit and Borna, as attested by chronicles of Einhard starting in the year 818. The record represents the first document of Croatian realms, vassal states of Francia at the time.[17]
The Frankish overlordship ended during the reign of Mislav two decades later.[18] According to the Constantine VII christianization of Croats began in the 7th century, but the claim is disputed and generally christianization is associated with the 9th century.[19] In 879, under duke Branimir, the duke of Croats, Dalmatian Croatia received papal recognition as a state from Pope John VIII.[20]
Kingdom of Croatia (925–1102)[edit]
A map of the largest territorial extent of the Kingdom of Croatia.
Coronation of first Croatian king Tomislav by Oton Iveković
Tomislav was the first ruler of Croatia who was styled a king in a letter from the Pope John X, dating kingdom of Croatia to year 925. Tomislav defeated Hungarian and Bulgarian invasions, spreading the influence of Croatian kings.[21]
The medieval Croatian kingdom reached its peak in the 11th century during the reigns of Petar Krešimir IV (1058–1074) and Dmitar Zvonimir (1075–1089).[22] When Stjepan II died in 1091 ending the Trpimirović dynasty, Ladislaus I of Hungary claimed the Croatian crown. Opposition to the claim led to a war and personal union of Croatia and Hungary in 1102, ruled by Coloman.[23]
Personal union with Hungary (1102–1527) and Republic of Venice[edit]
Map of the Venetian Republic, c. 1000. The republic is in dark red, borders in light red.
Death of the Last Croatian King, by Oton Iveković
The consequences of the change to the Hungarian king included the introduction of feudalism and the rise of the native noble families such as Frankopan and Šubić. The later kings sought to restore some of their previously lost influence by giving certain privileges to the towns. For the next four centuries, the Kingdom of Croatia was ruled by the Sabor (parliament) and a Ban (viceroy) appointed by the king.[24]
The princes of Bribir from the Šubić family became particularly influential, asserting control over large parts of Dalmatia, Slavonia and Bosnia. Later, however, the Angevins intervened and restored royal power. The period saw rise of native nobility such as the Frankopans and the Šubićs to prominence and ultimately numerous Bans from the two families.[25]
Separate coronation as King of Croatia was gradually allowed to fall into abeyance and last crowned king is Charles Robert in 1301 after which Croatia contented herself with a separate diploma inaugurale. The reign of Louis the Great (1342–1382) is considered the golden age of Croatian medieval history.[26]Ladislaus of Naples also sold the whole of Dalmatia to Venice in 1409. The period saw increasing threat of Ottoman conquest and struggle against the Republic of Venice for control of coastal areas. The Venetians gained control over most of Dalmatia by 1428. With exception of the city-state of Dubrovnik which became independent,[27] the rule of Venice on most of Dalmatia will last nearly four centuries (c. 1420 – 1797).
In 1490 the estates of Croatia declined to recognize Vladislaus II until he had taken oath to respect their liberties, and insisted upon his erasing from the diploma certain phrases which seemed to reduce Croatia to the rank of a mere province. The dispute was solved in 1492[28]
Croatia in the Habsburg Monarchy (1527–1918)[edit]
Old map of Croatia in the 17th century
Ban Josip Jelačić
As the Turkish incursion into Europe started, Croatia once again became a border area. The Croats fought an increasing number of battles and gradually lost increasing swathes of territory to the Ottoman Empire. Ottoman conquests led to the 1493 Battle of Krbava field and 1526 Battle of Mohács, both ending in decisive Ottoman victories. King Louis II died at Mohács, and in November 1526, a Hungarian parliament elected János Szapolyai as the new king of Hungary. In December 1526, an other Hungarian parliament elected Ferdinand Habsburg as King of Hungary.[29] On the other side, the Croatian Parliament met in Cetin and choseFerdinand I of the House of Habsburg as new ruler of Croatia, under the condition that he provide protection to Croatia against the Ottoman Empire while respecting its political rights.[24][27][28] A few years later both crown would be again united in Habsburgs hands and the union would be restored. The Ottoman Empire further expanded in the 16th century to include most of Slavonia, western Bosnia (then called Turkish Croatia) and Lika. Ottoman Croatia initially was part of Rumelia Eyalet, and later was parts of Budin Eyalet, Bosnia Eyalet and Kanije Eyalet.
Later in the same century, Croatia was so weak that its parliament authorized Ferdinand Habsburg to carve out large areas of Croatia and Slavonia adjacent to the Ottoman Empire for the creation of the Military Frontier (Vojna Krajina, German: Militaergrenze) which would be ruled directly from Vienna's military headquarters.[30] The area became rather deserted and was subsequently settled by Serbs, Vlachs, Croats and Germans and others. As a result of their compulsory military service to the Habsburg Empire during conflict with the Ottoman Empire, the population in the Military Frontier was free of serfdom and enjoyed much political autonomy, unlike the population living in the parts ruled by Hungary.
After the Bihać fort finally fell in 1592, only small parts of Croatia remained unconquered. The Ottoman army was successfully repelled for the first time on the territory of Croatia following the battle of Sisak in 1593. The lost territory was partially restored, except for large parts of today's Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lika and Slavonia regions of present Croatia.
By the 18th century, the Ottoman Empire was driven out of Hungary, and Austria brought the empire under central control. Empress Maria Theresa of Austria was supported by the Croatians in the War of Austrian Succession of 1741–1748 and subsequently made significant contributions to Croatian matters.
With the fall of the Venetian Republic in 1797, its possessions in eastern Adriatic became subject to a dispute between France and Austria. The Habsburgs eventually secured them (by 1815) and Dalmatia and Istria became part of the empire, though they were in Cisleithania while Croatia and Slavonia were under Hungary.
Two parts of Triune Kingdom: Croatia-Slavonia (number 17) and Dalmatia (number 5) within Austria-Hungary
Croatian romantic nationalism emerged in the mid-19th century to counteract the apparent Germanization and Magyarization of Croatia. The Illyrian movement attracted a number of influential figures from the 1830s on, and produced some important advances in the Croatian language and culture.
In the Revolutions of 1848 the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, driven by fear of Magyar nationalism, supported the Habsburg court against Hungarian revolutionary forces. However, despite the contributions of its ban Jelačić in quenching the Hungarian war of independence, Croatia, not treated any more favourably by Vienna than the Hungarians themselves, lost its domestic autonomy. In 1867 the Dual Monarchy was created; Croatian autonomy was restored in 1868 with the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement which was comparatively favourable for the Croatians, but still problematic because of issues such as the unresolved status of Rijeka.
World War I brought an end to the Habsburg Empire. Croatia suffered great loss of life in the war, and while there was some late effort to establish a Croatian section of the Empire, ultimately the military defeat led to the establishment of a separate South Slavic state, which would later be named Yugoslavia.
Shortly before the end of the First World War in 1918, the Croatian Parliament severed relations with Austria-Hungary as the Entente armies defeated those of the Habsburgs. Croatia and Slavonia became a part of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs composed out of all Southern Slavic territories of the now former Austro-Hungarian Monarchy with a transitional government headed in Zagreb.
Kingdom of Yugoslavia (1918–1941)[edit]
Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia
The creation of Yugoslavia happened in late 1918: after Srijem left Croatia-Slavonia and joined Serbia together with Vojvodina, shortly followed by a referendum to join Bosnia and Herzegovina to Serbia, the People's Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs (Narodno vijeće), guided by what was by that time a half a century long tradition of pan-Slavism and without sanction of the Croatian sabor, joined the Kingdom of Serbia into the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.
Although the state inherited much of Austro-Hungary's military arsenal, including the entire fleet, the Kingdom of Italy moved rapidly to annex the state's most western territories, promised to her by the Treaty of London of 1915. An Italian Army eventually took Istria, started to annex the Adriatic islands one by one, and even landed in Zadar. Partial resolution to the so-called Adriatic Question would come in 1920 with the Treaty of Rapallo.
The Kingdom underwent a crucial change in 1921 to the dismay of Croatia's largest political party, the Croatian Peasant Party (Hrvatska seljačka stranka). The new constitution abolished the historical/political entities, including Croatia and Slavonia, centralizing authority in the capital of Belgrade. The Croatian Peasant Party boycotted the government of the Serbian People's Radical Party throughout the period, except for a brief interlude between 1925 and 1927, when external Italian expansionism was at hand with her allies, Albania, Hungary, Romania and Bulgaria that threatened Yugoslavia as a whole.
In the early 1920s the Yugoslav government of Serbian prime minister Nikola Pasic used police pressure over voters and ethnic minorities, confiscation of opposition pamphlets[31] and other measures of election rigging to keep the opposition, and mainly the Croatian Peasant Party and its allies in minority in Yugoslav parliament.[32] Pasic believed that Yugoslavia should be as centralized as possible, creating in place of distinct regional governments and identities a Greater Serbian national concept of concentrated power in the hands of Belgrade.[33]
During a Parliament session in 1928, the Croatian Peasant Party's leader Stjepan Radić was mortally wounded by Puniša Račić, a deputy of the Serbian Radical People's Party, which caused further upsets among the Croatian elite. In 1929, King Aleksandar proclaimed a dictatorship and imposed a new constitution which, among other things, renamed the country the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The territory of Croatia was largely divided into the territories of the Sava and Littoral Banates. Political parties were banned from the start and the royal dictatorship took on an increasingly harsh character. Vladko Maček, who had succeeded Radić as leader of the Croatian Peasant Party, the largest political party in Croatia, was imprisoned, and members of a newly emerging insurgent movement, the Ustaše, went into exile. According to the British historian Misha Glenny the murder in March 1929 of Toni Schlegel, editor of a pro-Yugoslavian newspaper Novosti, brought a 'furious response' from the regime. In Lika and west Herzegovina in particular, which he described as 'hotbeds of Croatian separatism,' he wrote that the majority-Serb police acted 'with no restraining authority whatsoever.'[34]
In the words of a prominent Croatian writer, Shlegel's death became the pretext for terror in all forms. Politics was soon 'indistinguishable from gangsterism.'[35] Even in this oppressive climate, few rallied to the Ustaša cause and the movement was never able to organise within Croatia. But its leaders did manage to convince the Communist Party that it was a progressive movement. The party's newspaper Proleter (December 1932) stated: '[We] salute the Ustaša movement of the peasants of Lika and Dalmatia and fully support them.'
In 1934, King Aleksandar was assassinated abroad, in Marseille, by a coalition of the Ustaše and a similarly radical movement, the Bulgarian VMORO. The Serbian-CroatianCvetković-Maček government that came to power, distanced Yugoslavia's former allies of France and the United Kingdom, and moved closer to Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany in the period of 1935–1941. A national Banovina of Croatia was created in 1939 out of the two Banates, as well as parts of the Zeta, Vrbas, Drina and Danube Banates. It had a reconstructed Croatian Parliament which would choose a Croatian Ban and Viceban. This Croatia included a part of Bosnia, most of Herzegovina and the city of Dubrovnik and the surroundings.
World War II and the Independent State of Croatia (1941–1945)[edit]
Flag of the Independent State of Croatia.
The corpses of an entire Serb family in their home after being massacred by Ustaša militia.
The Axis occupation of Yugoslavia in 1941 allowed the Croatian radical right Ustaše to come into power, forming the 'Independent State of Croatia' (Nezavisna Država Hrvatska, NDH), led by Ante Pavelić, who assumed the role of Poglavnik. Following the pattern of other fascist regimes in Europe, the Ustashi enacted racial laws, formed eight concentration camps targeting minority Serbs, Romas and Jewish populations, as well as Croatian and Bosnian Muslimpartisans. The biggest concentration camp was Jasenovac in Croatia. The NDH had a program, formulated by Mile Budak, to purge Croatia of Serbs, by 'killing one third, expelling the other third and assimilating the remaining third'.[36] The main targets for persecution were the Serbs, with approximately 330,000 were killed.[37][38]
The anti-fascist communist-led Partisan movement, based on pan-Yugoslav ideology, emerged in early 1941, under the command of Croatian-born Josip Broz Tito, spreading quickly into many parts of Yugoslavia. The 1st Sisak Partisan Detachment, often hailed as the first armed anti-fascist resistance unit in occupied Europe, was formed in Croatia, in the Brezovica Forest near the town of Sisak. As the movement began to gain popularity, the Partisans gained strength from Croats, Bosniaks, Serbs, Slovenes, and Macedonians who believed in a unified, but federal, Yugoslav state.
By 1943, the Partisan resistance movement had gained the upper hand, against the odds, and in 1945, with help from the Soviet Red Army (passing only through small parts such as Vojvodina), expelled the Axis forces and local supporters. The ZAVNOH, state anti-fascist council of people's liberation of Croatia, functioned since 1942 and formed an interim civil government by 1943. NDH's ministers of War and Internal Security Mladen Lorković and Ante Vokić tried to switch to Allied side. Pavelić was in the beginning supporting them but when he found that he would need to leave his position he imprisoned them in Lepoglava prison where they were executed.
Following the defeat of the Independent State of Croatia at the end of the war, a large number of Ustaše, civilians supporting them (ranging from sympathizers, young conscripts, anti-communists, and ordinary serfs who were motivated by Partisan atrocities), Chetniks and anti-Communists attempted to flee in the direction of Austria hoping to surrender to British forces and to be given refuge. They were instead interned by British forces and then returned to the Partisans.
Socialist Yugoslavia (1945–1991)[edit]
Coat of arms of the Socialist Republic of Croatia
Tito's leadership of the LCY (1945–1980)[edit]
Croatia was a Socialist Republic part of a six-part Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia. Under the new communist system, privately owned factories and estates were nationalized, and the economy was based on a type of planned market socialism. The country underwent a rebuilding process, recovered from World War II, went through industrialization and started developing tourism.
The country's socialist system also provided free apartments from big companies, which with the workers' self-management investments paid for the living spaces. From 1963, the citizens of Yugoslavia were allowed to travel to almost any country because of the neutral politics. No visas were required to travel to eastern or western countries, or to capitalist or communist nations.[39]
Such free travel was unheard of at the time in the Eastern Bloc countries, and in some western countries as well (e.g., Spain or Portugal, both dictatorships at the time). This proved to be very helpful for Croatia's inhabitants who found working in foreign countries more financially rewarding. Upon retirement, a popular plan was to return to live in Croatia (then Yugoslavia) to buy a more expensive property.
In Yugoslavia, the people of Croatia were guaranteed free healthcare, free dental care, and secure pensions. The older generation found this very comforting as pensions would sometimes exceed their former paychecks. Free trade and travel within the country also helped Croatian industries that imported and exported throughout all the former republics.
Students and military personnel were encouraged to visit other republics to learn more about the country, and all levels of education, especially secondary education and higher education, were free. In reality the housing was inferior with poor heat and plumbing, the medical care often lacking even in availability of antibiotics, schools were propaganda machines and travel was a necessity to provide the country with hard currency. The propagandists, who want people to believe 'neutral policies' equalized Serbs and Croats, severely restricted free speech and did not protect citizens from ethnic attacks.
Croatia in SFRY
Membership in the party was as much a prerequisite for admission to colleges and for government jobs as in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin or Nikita Khrushchev. Private sector businesses did not grow as the taxes on private enterprise were often prohibitive. Inexperienced management sometimes ruled policy and controlled decisions by brute force. Strikes were forbidden, owners/managers were not permitted to make changes or decision which would impact their productivity or profit.
The economy developed into a type of socialism called samoupravljanje (self-management), in which workers controlled socially owned enterprises. This kind of market socialism created significantly better economic conditions than in the Eastern Bloc countries. Croatia went through intensive industrialization in the 1960s and 1970s with industrial output increasing several-fold and with Zagreb surpassing Belgrade for the amount of industry. Factories and other organizations were often named after Partisans who were declared national heroes. This practice also spread to street names, names of parks and buildings, and some more trivial features.
Before World War II, Croatia's industry was not significant, with the vast majority of the people employed in agriculture. By 1991 the country was completely transformed into a modern industrialized state. By the same time, the Croatian Adriatic coast had taken shape as an internationally popular tourist destination, all coastal republics (but mostly SR Croatia) profited greatly from this, as tourist numbers reached levels still unsurpassed in modern Croatia. The government brought unprecedented economic and industrial growth, high levels of social security and a very low crime rate. The country completely recovered from WWII and achieved a very high GDP and economic growth rate, significantly higher than those of the present-day republic.
Savka Dabčević-Kučar, Croatian Spring participant; Europe's first female prime minister
The constitution of 1963 balanced the power in the country between the Croats and the Serbs and alleviated imbalance coming from the fact that the Croats were again in a minority position. Trends after 1965 (like the fall of OZNA and UDBA chief Aleksandar Ranković from power in 1966),[40] however, led to the Croatian Spring of 1970–71, when students in Zagreb organized demonstrations to achieve greater civil liberties and greater Croatian autonomy. The regime stifled the public protest and incarcerated the leaders, but this led to the ratification of a new constitution in 1974, giving more rights to the individual republics.
At that time, radical Ustaše cells of Croatian émigrés in Western Europe[41] planned and carried out guerilla acts inside Yugoslavia, but they were largely countered.[42]
Until the breakup of Yugoslavia (1980–1991)[edit]
In 1980, after Tito's death, economic, political, and religious difficulties started to mount and the federal government began to crumble. The crisis in Kosovo and, in 1986, the emergence of Slobodan Milošević in Serbia provoked a very negative reaction in Croatia and Slovenia; politicians from both republics feared that his motives would threaten their republics' autonomy. With the climate of change throughout Eastern Europe during the 1980s, the communist hegemony was challenged (at the same time, the Milošević government began to gradually concentrate Yugoslav power in Serbia and calls for free multi-party elections were becoming louder).[43]
In June 1989 the Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) was founded by Croatian nationalist dissidents led by Franjo Tuđman, a former fighter in Tito's Partisan movement and JNA General. At this time Yugoslavia was still a one-party state and open manifestations of Croatian nationalism were dangerous so a new party was founded in an almost conspiratorial manner. It was only on 13 December 1989 that the governing League of Communists of Croatia agreed to legalize opposition political parties and hold free elections in the spring of 1990.[43]
On 23 January 1990 at its 14th Congress the Communist League of Yugoslavia voted to remove its monopoly on political power, but the same day effectively ceased to exist as a national party when the League of Communists of Slovenia walked out after Serbia's Slobodan Milošević blocked all their reformist proposals—the League of Communists of Croatia walked out soon after.
Republic of Croatia (1991–present)[edit]
Political changes[edit]
Franjo Tuđman, 1st president of modern independent Republic of Croatia
On 22 April and 7 May 1990, the first free multi-party elections were held in Croatia. Franjo Tuđman's Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) won by a 42% margin against Ivica Račan's reformed communist Party of Democratic Change (SDP) who won 26%. However, Croatia's first-past-the-post election system enabled Tuđman to form the government relatively independently as the win translated into 205 mandates (out of 351 total). The HDZ's intentions were to secure independence for Croatia, contrary to the wishes of a part of the ethnic Serbs in the republic, and federal politicians in Belgrade. The excessively polarized climate soon escalated into complete estrangement between the two nations and spiralled into sectarian violence.
On 25 July 1990, a Serbian Assembly was established in Srb, north of Knin, as the political representation of the Serbian people in Croatia. The Serbian Assembly declared 'sovereignty and autonomy of the Serb people in Croatia'.[44] Their position was that if Croatia could secede from Yugoslavia, then the Serbs could secede from Croatia. Milan Babić, a dentist from the southern town of Knin, was elected president. The rebel Croatian Serbs established a number of paramilitary militias under the leadership of Milan Martić, the police chief in Knin.
On 17 August 1990, the Serbs began what became known as the Log Revolution, where barricades of logs were placed across roads throughout the South as an expression of their secession from Croatia. This effectively cut Croatia in two, separating the coastal region of Dalmatia from the rest of the country. The Croatian government responded to the blockade of roads by sending special police teams in helicopters to the scene, but they were intercepted by SFR Yugoslav Air Force fighter jets and forced to turn back to Zagreb.
The Croatian constitution was passed in December 1990 categorizing Serbs as a minority group along with other ethnic groups. Babić's administration announced the creation of a Serbian Autonomous Oblast of Krajina (or SAO Krajina) on 21 December 1990. Other Serb-dominated communities in eastern Croatia announced that they would also join SAO Krajina and ceased paying taxes to the Zagreb government.
On Easter Sunday, 31 March 1991, the first fatal clashes occurred when Croatian police from the Croatian Ministry of the Interior (MUP) entered the Plitvice Lakes national park to expel rebel Serb forces. Serb paramilitaries ambushed a bus carrying Croatian police into the national park on the road north of Korenica, sparking a day-long gun battle between the two sides. During the fighting, two people, one Croat and one Serb policeman, were killed. Twenty other people were injured and twenty-nine Krajina Serb paramilitaries and policemen were taken prisoner by Croatian forces.[45][46] Among the prisoners was Goran Hadžić, later to become the President of the Republic of Serbian Krajina.[47]
On 2 May 1991 the Croatian parliament voted to hold a referendum on independence.[48] On 19 May 1991, on an almost 80% turnout, 93.24% voted for independence. Krajina boycotted the referendum. They held their own referendum a week earlier on 12 May 1991 in the territories they controlled and voted to remain in Yugoslavia which the Croatian government did not recognize as valid.
On 25 June 1991 the Croatian Parliament declared independence from Yugoslavia. Slovenia declared independence from Yugoslavia on the same day.[49]
War of Independence (1991–1995)[edit]
Clockwise from top left: The central street of Dubrovnik, the Stradun, in ruins during the Siege of Dubrovnik; the damaged Vukovar water tower, a symbol of the early conflict, flying the Croatian tricolour; soldiers of the Croatian Army getting ready to destroy a Serbian tank; the Vukovar Memorial Cemetery; a Serbian T-55 tank destroyed on the road to Drniš
The civilian population fled the areas of armed conflict en masse: generally speaking, hundreds of thousands of Croats moved away from the Bosnian and Serbian border areas. In many places, masses of civilians were forced out by the Yugoslav National Army (JNA), who consisted mostly of conscripts from Serbia and Montenegro, and irregulars from Serbia, in what became known as ethnic cleansing.
The border city of Vukovar underwent a three-month siege – the Battle of Vukovar – during which most of the city was destroyed and a majority of the population was forced to flee. The city fell to the Serbian forces on 18 November 1991 and the Vukovar massacre occurred.
Subsequent UN-sponsored cease-fires followed, and the warring parties mostly entrenched. The Yugoslav People's Army retreated from Croatia into Bosnia and Herzegovina where a new cycle of tensions were escalating: the Bosnian War was to start. During 1992 and 1993, Croatia also handled an estimated 700,000 refugees from Bosnia, mainly Bosnian Muslims.
Armed conflict in Croatia remained intermittent and mostly on a small scale until 1995. In early August, Croatia embarked on Operation Storm. The Croatian attack quickly reconquered most of the territories from the Republic of Serbian Krajina authorities, leading to a mass exodus of the Serbian population. An estimated 90,000–200,000 Serbs fled shortly before,[50][51] during and after the operation.
As a result of this operation, a few months later the Bosnian war ended with the negotiation of the Dayton Agreement. A peaceful integration of the remaining Serbian-controlled territories in eastern Slavonia was completed in 1998 under UN supervision. The majority of the Serbs who fled from the former Krajina have not returned due to fears of ethnic violence, discrimination and property repossession problems, and the Croatian government has yet to achieve the conditions for full reintegration.[52] According to United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, around 125,000 ethnic Serbs who fled the 1991–1995 conflict are registered as having returned to Croatia, of whom around 55,000 remain permanently.[53]
Since the end of the war[edit]
Croatia became a member of the Council of Europe in 1996. The years 1996 and 1997 were a period of post-war recovery and improving economic conditions. However, in 1998 and 1999 Croatia experienced an economic depression, which brought unemployment for thousands of citizens.
The remaining part of former 'Krajina', areas adjacent to FR Yugoslavia, negotiated a peaceful reintegration process with the Croatian government. The so-called Erdut Agreement made the area a temporary protectorate of the UN Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium. The area was formally re-integrated into Croatia by 1998.
Franjo Tuđman's government started to lose popularity as it was criticized (among other things) for its involvement in suspicious privatization deals of the early 1990s as well as a partial international isolation. The country experienced a mild recession in 1998 and 1999.
Tuđman died in 1999 and in the early 2000 parliamentary elections, the nationalist Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ) government was replaced by a center-left coalition under the Social Democratic Party of Croatia, with Ivica Račan as prime minister. At the same time, presidential elections were held which were won by a moderate, Stjepan Mesić. The new Račan government amended the constitution, changing the political system from a presidential system to a parliamentary system, transferring most executive presidential powers from the president to the institutions of the parliament and the prime minister.
The new government also started several large building projects, including state-sponsored housing, more rebuilding efforts to enable refugee return, and the building of the A1 highway. The country achieved notable economic growth during these years, while the unemployment rate would continue to rise until 2001 when it finally started falling. Croatia became a World Trade Organization (WTO) member in 2000 and started the Accession of Croatia to the European Union in 2003.
In late 2003, new parliamentary elections were held and a reformed HDZ party won under the leadership of Ivo Sanader, who became prime minister. European accession was delayed by controversies over the extradition of army generals to the ICTY, including the runaway Ante Gotovina. Sanader was reelected in the closely contested 2007 parliamentary election. Other complications continued to stall the EU negotiating process, most notably Slovenia's blockade of Croatia's EU accession in 2008–2009.
In June 2009, Sanader abruptly resigned his post and named Jadranka Kosor in his place. Kosor introduced austerity measures to counter the economic crisis and launched an anti-corruption campaign aimed at public officials. In late 2009, Kosor signed an agreement with Borut Pahor, the premier of Slovenia, that allowed the EU accession to proceed.
The flag of Croatia has been hoisted together the European flag on the building of Ministry of Foreign and European Affairs in Zagreb as a symbol of Croatia's membership in both the Council of Europe and the European Union
In the Croatian presidential election, 2009–2010, Ivo Josipović, the candidate of the SDP won a landslide victory.Sanader tried to come back into HDZ in 2010, but was then ejected, and USKOK soon had him arrested on several corruption charges. As of 2012, his trial is ongoing.
In 2011, the accession agreement was concluded, giving Croatia the all-clear to join.[54]
The Croatian parliamentary election, 2011 was held on 4 December 2011, and the Kukuriku coalition won.
Following the ratification of the Treaty of Accession 2011 and the successful Croatian European Union membership referendum, 2012, Croatia joined the EU on 1 July 2013.
In the Croatian presidential election, 2014–15, Kolinda Grabar-Kitarović went to become the first Croatian female President.
The Croatian parliamentary election, 2015 resulted in the victory of the Patriotic Coalition which formed a new government with the Bridge of Independent Lists. However, a vote of no confidence brought down the Cabinet of Tihomir Orešković. After the Croatian parliamentary election, 2016, the Cabinet of Andrej Plenković was formed.
See also[edit]
General:
References[edit]
- ^Igor Salopek (December 2010). 'Krapina Neanderthal Museum as a Well of Medical Information'. Acta Medico-Historica Adriatica. Hrvatsko znanstveno društvo za povijest zdravstvene kulture. 8 (2): 197–202. ISSN1334-4366. PMID21682056. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^Tihomila Težak-Gregl (April 2008). 'Study of the Neolithic and Eneolithic as reflected in articles published over the 50 years of the journal Opuscula archaeologica'. Opvscvla Archaeologica Radovi Arheološkog zavoda. University of Zagreb, Faculty of Philosophy, Archaeological Department. 30 (1): 93–122. ISSN0473-0992. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^Jacqueline Balen (December 2005). 'The Kostolac horizon at Vučedol'. Opvscvla Archaeologica Radovi Arheološkog zavoda. University of Zagreb, Faculty of Philosophy, Archaeological Department. 29 (1): 25–40. ISSN0473-0992. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^Tihomila Težak-Gregl (December 2003). 'Prilog poznavanju neolitičkih obrednih predmeta u neolitiku sjeverne Hrvatske' [A Contribution to Understanding Neolithic Ritual Objects in the Northern Croatia Neolithic]. Opvscvla Archaeologica Radovi Arheološkog zavoda (in Croatian). University of Zagreb, Faculty of Philosophy, Archaeological Department. 27 (1): 43–48. ISSN0473-0992. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^Hrvoje Potrebica; Marko Dizdar (July 2002). 'Prilog poznavanju naseljenosti Vinkovaca i okolice u starijem željeznom dobu' [A Contribution to Understanding Continuous Habitation of Vinkovci and its Surroundings in the Early Iron Age]. Prilozi Instituta za arheologiju u Zagrebu (in Croatian). Institut za arheologiju. 19 (1): 79–100. ISSN1330-0644. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^John Wilkes (1995). The Illyrians. Oxford, UK: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 114. ISBN978-0-631-19807-9. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
... in the early history of the colony settled in 385 BC on the island Pharos (Hvar) from the Aegean island Paros, famed for its marble. In traditional fashion they accepted the guidance of an oracle, ...
- ^Thomas Kelly Cheyne and John Sutherland, BlackEncyclopaedia Biblica: A Critical Dictionary
- ^C.Michael Hogan, 'Diocletian's Palace', The Megalithic Portal, Andy Burnham ed., Oct 6, 2007
- ^Edward Gibbon; John Bagnell Bury; Daniel J. Boorstin (1995). The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. New York: Modern Library. p. 335. ISBN978-0-679-60148-7. Retrieved 27 October 2011.
- ^Dalmatia Dmitar J. Čulić (1962). p. 9
- ^A. Stipčević, Iliri, Školska knjiga Zagreb, 1974, page 70
- ^Stanko Guldescu, The Croatian-Slavonian Kingdom: 1526–1792, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, 1970, p.67, isbn 9783110881622
- ^J. B. Bury (1923). History of the later Roman empire from the death of Theodosius I. to the death of Justinian. Macmillan Publishers. p. 408. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^Map of Roman Dalmatia area, with added actual croatian names
- ^Andrew Archibald Paton (1861). Researches on the Danube and the Adriatic. Trübner. pp. 218–219. Retrieved 15 October 2011.
- ^Mužić (2007), pp. 249–293
- ^Mužić (2007), pp. 157–160
- ^Mužić (2007), pp. 169–170
- ^Antun Ivandija (April 1968). 'Pokrštenje Hrvata prema najnovijim znanstvenim rezultatima' [Christianization of Croats according to the most recent scientific results] (PDF). Bogoslovska smotra (in Croatian). University of Zagreb, Catholic Faculty of Theology. 37 (3–4): 440–444. ISSN0352-3101. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- ^Mužić (2007), pp. 195–198
- ^Vladimir Posavec (March 1998). 'Povijesni zemljovidi i granice Hrvatske u Tomislavovo doba' [Historical maps and borders of Croatia in age of Tomislav]. Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest (in Croatian). 30 (1): 281–290. ISSN0353-295X. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^Lujo Margetić (January 1997). 'Regnum Croatiae et Dalmatiae u doba Stjepana II' [Regnum Croatiae et Dalmatiae in age of Stjepan II]. Radovi Zavoda za hrvatsku povijest (in Croatian). 29 (1): 11–20. ISSN0353-295X. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^Ladislav Heka (October 2008). 'Hrvatsko-ugarski odnosi od sredinjega vijeka do nagodbe iz 1868. s posebnim osvrtom na pitanja Slavonije' [Croatian-Hungarian relations from the Middle Ages to the Compromise of 1868, with a special survey of the Slavonian issue]. Scrinia Slavonica (in Croatian). Hrvatski institut za povijest – Podružnica za povijest Slavonije, Srijema i Baranje. 8 (1): 152–173. ISSN1332-4853. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
- ^ ab'Povijest saborovanja' [History of parliamentarism] (in Croatian). Sabor. Archived from the original on 25 July 2012. Retrieved 18 October 2010.
- ^Márta Font (July 2005). 'Ugarsko Kraljevstvo i Hrvatska u srednjem vijeku' [Hungarian Kingdom and Croatia in the Middlea Ages]. Povijesni prilozi (in Croatian). Croatian Institute of History. 28 (28): 7–22. ISSN0351-9767. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
- ^Zrinka Pešorda Vardić: The crown, the king and the town – the relation of Dubrovnik community toward the crown and the ruler in the beginning of movement against the Court (Croatian Institute of History)
- ^ abFrucht 2005, p. 422-423
- ^ ab'R. W. SETON -WATSON:The southern Slav question and the Habsburg Monarchy page 18'. Archive.org. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^Robert A. Kann (1980). A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1526–1918. University of California Press. p. 611. ISBN9780520042063.
- ^Charles W. Ingrao (2000). The Habsburg Monarchy, 1618–1815. Cambridge University Press. p. 15. ISBN978-0-521-78505-1.
- ^Balkan Politics, TIME Magazine, 31 March 1923
- ^Elections, TIME Magazine, 23 February 1925
- ^The Opposition, TIME Magazine, 6 April 1925
- ^Misha Glenny, The Balkans 1804–1999, Granta Books, London 1345, pp. 431–432
- ^Josip Horvat, Politička povijest Hrvatske 1918–1929 (Political History of Croatia 1918–1929), Zagreb, 1938
- ^Tapon (2012), p. 347
- ^'United States Holocaust Memorial Museum about Jasenovac and Independent State of Croatia'. Ushmm.org. Archived from the original on 16 September 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
- ^Genocide and Resistance in Hitler's Bosnia: The Partisans and the Chetniks, 1941–1943 pp20
- ^Socialism of Sorts 10 June 1966
- ^The Specter of Separatism, Time Magazine, 7 February 1972
- ^Conspiratorial Croats, Time Magazine, 5 June 1972
- ^Battle in Bosnia, Time Magazine, 24 July 1972
- ^ abNew York Times, 14 December 1989
- ^ICTY (12 June 2007). 'The Prosecutor vs. Milan Martic (paragraph 127–150)'(PDF). ICTY. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
- ^Ivo Goldstein, Croatia: A History, p. 220. (C. Hurst & Co, 2000)
- ^Mihailo Crnobrnja, The Yugoslav Drama, p. 157; (McGill-Queens University Press, 1996)
- ^Tim Judah (2001). The Serbs: History, Myth and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. Yale University Press. pp. 175–76, 244.
- ^'Odluka Predsjednika RH o raspisu referenduma' (in Croatian). Narodne novine. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
- ^'Yugoslavia Serbia Croatia War 1991'. Onwar.com. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^'Croatian report from 1995'. Unhchr.ch. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^Amnesty International report
- ^'World Report 2011: Croatia | Human Rights Watch'. Hrw.org. 24 January 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^'Croatia | Human Rights Watch'. Hrw.org. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
- ^'EUROPA – Press Releases – EU closes accession negotiations with Croatia'. Europa (web portal). 30 June 2011. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
Bibliography[edit]
- Roy Adkins; Lesley Adkins (2008). The War for All the Oceans. Penguin Books. ISBN978-0-14-311392-8. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- Damir Agičić; Dragutin Feletar; AnitaFilipčić; Tomislav Jelić; Zoran Stiperski (2000). Povijest i zemljopis Hrvatske: priručnik za hrvatske manjinske škole [History and Geography of Croatia: Minority School Manual] (in Croatian). ISBN978-953-6235-40-7. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- Ivo Banac (1984). The national question in Yugoslavia: origins, history, politics. Cornell University Press. ISBN978-0-8014-9493-2. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- Mark Biondich (2000). Stjepan Radić, the Croat Peasant Party, and the politics of mass mobilization, 1904–1928. University of Toronto Press. ISBN978-0-8020-8294-7. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- Peterjon Cresswell (10 July 2006). Time Out Croatia (First ed.). London, Berkeley & Toronto: Time Out Group Ltd & Ebury Publishing, Random House. ISBN978-1-904978-70-1. Retrieved 10 March 2010.
- Sharon Fisher (2006). Political change in post-Communist Slovakia and Croatia: from nationalist to Europeanist. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN978-1-4039-7286-6. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- Joerg Forbrig; Pavol Demeš (2007). Reclaiming democracy: civil society and electoral change in central and eastern Europe. The German Marshall Fund of the United States. ISBN978-80-969639-0-4. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- Richard C. Frucht (2005). Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-1-57607-800-6. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- Mirjana Kasapović, ed. (2001). HRVATSKA POLITIKA 1990.-2000 [Croatian Politics 1990–2000] (in Croatian). University of Zagreb, Faculty of Political Science. ISBN978-953-6457-08-3. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- Matjaž Klemenčič; Mitja Žagar (2004). The former Yugoslavia's diverse peoples: a reference sourcebook. ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-1-57607-294-3. Retrieved 17 October 2011.
- Frederic Chapin Lane (1973). Venice, a Maritime Republic. JHU Press. ISBN978-0-8018-1460-0. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- Branka Magaš (2007). Croatia through history: the making of a European state. Saqi Books. ISBN978-0-86356-775-9. Retrieved 18 October 2011.
- Ivan Mužić (2007). Hrvatska povijest devetoga stoljeća [Croatian Ninth Century History] (PDF) (in Croatian). Naklada Bošković. ISBN978-953-263-034-3. Retrieved 14 October 2011.
- Tapon, Francis (2012). The Hidden Europe: What Eastern Europeans Can Teach Us. WanderLearn Press.
External links[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of Croatia. |
- The History Files: Croatia
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Croatia&oldid=897206047'
Grad Zagreb City of Zagreb | |
Clockwise, from top: St. Mark's Square, Croatian State Archives, Zagreb Tram, Art Pavilion, Cibona & HOTO towers and Croatian National Theatre. | |
Coat of arms | |
Location of Zagreb in Croatia Zagreb (Europe) | |
Coordinates: 45°49′N15°59′E / 45.817°N 15.983°ECoordinates: 45°49′N15°59′E / 45.817°N 15.983°E | |
Country | Croatia |
---|---|
County | |
RC diocese | 1094 |
Free royal city | 1242 |
Unified | 1850 |
Subdivisions | 17 city districts 218 local committees (70 settlements) |
Government | |
• Type | Mayor-Council |
• Mayor | Milan Bandić (BM 365) |
• City Assembly | |
Area | |
• City | 641 km2 (247 sq mi) |
• Urban | 202.4 km2 (78.1 sq mi) |
• Metro | 3,719 km2 (1,436 sq mi) |
Elevation | 158 m (518 ft) |
Highest elevation | 1,035 m (3,396 ft) |
Lowest elevation | 122 m (400 ft) |
Population (2018 census)[3][4][5] | |
• City | 802,588 |
• Estimate | 820,433 |
• Density | 4,055/km2 (10,500/sq mi) |
• Metro | 1,228,941 |
• Metro density | 330/km2 (860/sq mi) |
Demonym(s) | Zagrepčanin (cr) Zagreber (en) |
Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
Postal code | HR-10 000, HR-10 010, HR-10 020, HR-10 040, HR-10 090 |
Area code | +385 1 |
Vehicle registration | ZG |
GDP (PPP) | 2017 |
- Total | $25 billion / €22.7 billion |
- Per capita | $32,404 / €28,237 |
HDI (2017) | 0.890[7] – very high |
Website | zagreb.hr |
Zagreb (/ˈzɑːɡrɛb, ˈzæɡrɛb, zɑːˈɡrɛb/;[8][9]Croatian pronunciation: [zǎːɡreb](listen))[10] is the capital and the largest city of Croatia.[11] It is located in the northwest of the country, along the Sava river, at the southern slopes of the Medvednica mountain. Zagreb lies at an elevation of approximately 122 m (400 ft) above sea level.[12][13] The estimated population of the city in 2018 was 802 762, an increase of 2,8% since 2007.[14] The population of the Zagreb urban agglomeration is about 1.2 million, approximately a quarter of the total population of Croatia.
Zagreb is a city with a rich history dating from the Roman times to the present day. The oldest settlement located in the vicinity of the city was the Roman Andautonia, in today's Ščitarjevo.[15][16][17][18] The name 'Zagreb' is recorded in 1134, in reference to the foundation of the settlement at Kaptol in 1094. Zagreb became a free royal town in 1242.[19][20][21][22][23] In 1851 Zagreb had its first mayor,[24][25][26][27]Janko Kamauf.
Zagreb has special status as a Croatian administrative division and is a consolidated city-county (but separated from Zagreb County),[28][29][30][31] and is administratively subdivided into 17 city districts.[32][33][34] Most of them are at a low elevation along the river Sava valley, whereas northern and northeastern city districts, such as Podsljeme[35][36][37] and Sesvete[38][39][40] districts are situated in the foothills of the Medvednica mountain,[41] making the city's geographical image rather diverse. The city extends over 30 kilometres (19 miles) east-west and around 20 kilometres (12 miles) north-south.[42][43]
The transport connections, concentration of industry, scientific, and research institutions and industrial tradition underlie its leading economic position in Croatia.[44][45][46] Zagreb is the seat of the central government, administrative bodies, and almost all government ministries.[47][48][49] Almost all of the largest Croatian companies, media, and scientific institutions have their headquarters in the city. Zagreb is the most important transport hub in Croatia where Central Europe, the Mediterranean and Southeast Europe meet, making the Zagreb area the centre of the road, rail and air networks of Croatia. It is a city known for its diverse economy, high quality of living, museums, sporting, and entertainment events. Its main branches of economy are high-tech industries and the service sector.
- 2History
- 3Geography
- 3.4Demographics
- 4Government and politics
- 4.3International relations
- 5Culture
- 5.1Tourism
- 6Economy and infrastructure
- 6.1Transport
- 6.1.2Roads
- 6.1.3Public transportation
- 6.1Transport
- 7Education
- 9References
Name[edit]
Sculpture representing the Triune Kingdom
Ante Starčević Square
The Golden Bull of 1242, whereby King Béla IV proclaimed Gradec a royal free city
The etymology of the name Zagreb is unclear. It was used for the united city only from 1852, but it had been in use as the name of the Zagreb Diocese since the 12th century, and was increasingly used for the city in the 17th century.[50]The name is first recorded in a charter by Ostrogon archbishopFelician, dated 1134, mentioned as Zagrabiensem episcopatum.[51] The older form of the name is Zagrab. The modern Croatian form Zagreb is first recorded in a 1689 map by Nicolas Sanson.An even older form is reflected in Hungarian Zabrag (recorded from c. 1200 and in use until the 18th century).For this, Hungarian linguist Gyula Décsy proposes the etymology of Chabrag, a well-attested hypocorism of the name Cyprian. The same form is reflected in a number of Hungarian toponyms, such as Csepreg.[52]
The name might be derived from Proto-Slavic word *grębъ which means hill, uplift. (However, note Serbo-Croatian brȇg < Proto-Slavic *bergъ, which also means '(smaller) hill', and za brȇg 'to or toward the hill' for the seemingly metathesized variant in Hungarian, Zabrag – modified from assumed *Zabreg because of Hungarian vowel harmony? –, mentioned above.) An Old Croatian reconstructed name *Zagrębъ is manifested through the German name of the city Agram.[53]
The name Agram was used in German in the Habsburg period; this name has been classified as 'probably of Roman origin'[54]but according to Décsy (1990) it could be an Austrian German reanalysis of *Zugram.[52]In Middle Latin and Modern Latin, Zagreb is known as Agranum (the name of an unrelated Arabian city in Strabo), Zagrabia or Mons Graecensis (also Mons Crecensis, in reference to Grič (Gradec)).
In Croatian folk etymology, the name of the city has been derived from either the verb za-grab-, meaning 'to scoop' or 'to dig'. One folk legend illustrating this derivation ties the name to a drought of the early 14th century, during which Augustin Kažotić (c. 1260–1323) is said to have dug a well which miraculously produced water.[55]In another legend,[56][57][58][59][60] a city governor is thirsty and orders a girl named Manda to 'scoop' water from Manduševac well (nowadays a fountain in Ban Jelačić Square), using the imperative: zagrabi, Mando! ('Scoop, Manda!').[61]
History[edit]
Kaptol 1686.
Zagreb Cathedral end of 19th century
Ban Jelačić Square 1903.
Croatian Nobles Square in 1930s.
The oldest settlement located near today's Zagreb was a Roman town of Andautonia, now Šćitarjevo, which existed between the 1st and the 5th century AD.[62] The first recorded appearance of the name Zagreb is dated to 1094, at which time the city existed as two different city centres: the smaller, eastern Kaptol, inhabited mainly by clergy and housing Zagreb Cathedral, and the larger, western Gradec, inhabited mainly by craftsmen and merchants. Gradec and Kaptol were united in 1851 by ban Josip Jelačić, who was credited for this, with the naming the main city square, Ban Jelačić Square in his honour.[63] During the period of former Yugoslavia, Zagreb remained an important economic centre of the country, and was the second largest city. After Croatia declared independence from Yugoslavia, Zagreb was proclaimed its capital.[64]
Early Zagreb[edit]
The history of Zagreb dates as far back as 1094 A.D. when the HungarianKing Ladislaus, returning from his campaign against Croatia, founded a diocese. Alongside the bishop's see, the canonical settlement Kaptol developed north of Zagreb Cathedral, as did the fortified settlement Gradec on the neighbouring hill; the border between the two being the Medveščak stream. Today the latter is Zagreb's Upper Town (Gornji Grad) and is one of the best preserved urban nuclei in Croatia. Both settlements came under Tatar attack in 1242. As a sign of gratitude for offering him a safe haven from the Tatars the Croatian and Hungarian King Bela IV bestowed Gradec with a Golden Bull, which offered its citizens exemption from county rule and autonomy, as well as its own judicial system.
16th to 18th centuries[edit]
There were numerous connections between the Kaptol diocese and the free sovereign town of Gradec for both economic and political reasons, but they weren't known as an integrated city, even as Zagreb became the political centre and, representing both Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, first convened at Gradec. Zagreb was chosen as the seat of the Ban of Croatia in 1621 under ban Nikola Frankopan.
At the invitation of the Croatian Parliament, the Jesuits came to Zagreb and built the first grammar school, the St. Catherine's Church and monastery. In 1669, they founded an academy where philosophy, theology and law were taught, the forerunner of today's University of Zagreb.
During the 17th and 18th centuries, Zagreb was badly devastated by fire and the plague. In 1776, the royal council (government) moved from Varaždin to Zagreb and during the reign of Joseph II Zagreb became the headquarters of the Varaždin and Karlovac general command.[65]
19th to mid-20th century[edit]
In the 19th century, Zagreb was the centre of the Croatian National Revival and saw the erection of important cultural and historic institutions.In 1850, the town was united under its first mayor – Janko Kamauf.[65]
The first railway line to connect Zagreb with Zidani Most and Sisak was opened in 1862 and in 1863 Zagreb received a gasworks. The Zagreb waterworks was opened in 1878.
After the 1880 Zagreb earthquake, up to the 1914 outbreak of World War I, development flourished and the town received the characteristic layout which it has today.The first horse-drawn tram was used in 1891. The construction of the railway lines enabled the old suburbs to merge gradually into Donji Grad, characterised by a regular block pattern that prevails in Central European cities. This bustling core hosts many imposing buildings, monuments, and parks as well as a multitude of museums, theatres and cinemas. An electric power plant was built in 1907.
Panoramic view of Upper Town – Gradec
Panoramic view of Zagreb
Since 1 January 1877, the Grič cannon is fired daily from the Lotrščak Tower on Grič to mark midday.
The first half of the 20th century saw a considerable expansion of Zagreb. Before World War I, the city expanded and neighbourhoods like Stara Peščenica in the east and Črnomerec in the west were created. After the war, working-class districts such as Trnje emerged between the railway and the Sava, whereas the construction of residential districts on the hills of the southern slopes of Medvednica was completed between the two World Wars.
In the 1920s, the population of Zagreb increased by 70 percent — the largest demographic boom in the history of the town. In 1926, the first radio station in the region began broadcasting from Zagreb, and in 1947 the Zagreb Fair was opened.[65]
During World War II, Zagreb became the capital of the Independent State of Croatia, which was backed by Nazi Germany and the Italians. The history of Zagreb in World War II became rife with incidents of regime terror and resistance sabotage, and the Ustaša regime had thousands of people executed during the war in and near the city. The city was liberated by the Partisans at the end of the war. From 1945 until 1990, Zagreb was the capital of the Socialist Republic of Croatia, one of the six constituent socialist republics of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia.
Modern Zagreb[edit]
Column with Statue of Virgin Mary with four Angels, Kaptol
King Tomislav Square
The area between the railway and the Sava river witnessed a new construction boom after World War II. After the mid-1950s, construction of new residential areas south of the Sava river began, resulting in Novi Zagreb (Croatian for New Zagreb), originally called 'Južni Zagreb' (Southern Zagreb).[66] Today Novi Zagreb is divided in two city districts: Novi Zagreb-zapad (WestNovi Zagreb) and Novi Zagreb-istok (East Novi Zagreb)
The city also expanded westward and eastward, incorporating Dubrava, Podsused, Jarun, Blato and other settlements.The cargo railway hub and the international airportPleso were built south of the Sava river. The largest industrial zone (Žitnjak) in the south-eastern part of the city represents an extension of the industrial zones on the eastern outskirts of the city, between the Sava and the Prigorje region. Zagreb also hosted the Summer Universiade in 1987.[65]
During the 1991–1995 Croatian War of Independence, it was a scene of some sporadic fighting surrounding its JNAarmy barracks, but escaped major damage. In May 1995, it was targeted by Serb rocket artillery in two rocket attacks which killed seven civilians.
An urbanised area connects Zagreb with the surrounding towns of Zaprešić, Samobor, Dugo Selo and Velika Gorica. Sesvete was the first and the closest area to become a part of the agglomeration and is already included in the City of Zagreb for administrative purposes and now forms the easternmost city district.[67]
Area and population development[edit]
Year | Area (km2) | Population (within city limits at that time) | Population (within today's city limits) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
1368 | 2,810[nb 1] | |||
1742 | 3.33 | 5,600[nb 1] | ||
1805 | 3.33 | 7,706[nb 2](~11 000 in total) | ||
1850 | 25.4 | 16,036 | ||
1857 | 25.4 | 16,657 | 48,266 | |
1869 | 25.4 | 19,857 | 54,761 | |
1880 | 25.4 | 30,830 | 67,188 | |
1890 | 25.4 | 40,268 | 82,848 | |
1900 | 64.37 | 61,002 | 111,565 | |
1910 | 64.37 | 79,038 | 136,351 | |
1921 | 64.37 | 108,674 | 167,765 | |
1931 | 64.37 | 185,581 | 258,024 | |
1948 | 74.99 | 279,623 | 356,529 | |
1953 | 235.74 | 350,829 | 393,919 | |
1961 | 495.60 | 430,802 | 478,076 | |
1971 | 497.95 | 602,205 | 629,896 | |
1981 | 1,261.54 | 768,700 | 723,065 | |
1991 | 1,715.55 | 933,914 | 777,826 | |
2001 | 641.36 | 779,145 | 779,145 | |
2011 | 641.36 | 792,875 | 792,875 | |
The data in column 3 refers to the population in the city borders as of the census in question. Column 4 is calculated for the territory now defined as the City of Zagreb (Narodne Novine 97/10).[68] |
Geography[edit]
Climate[edit]
King Tomislav Square
Square of the Victims of Fascism.
The climate of Zagreb is classified as an oceanic climate (Köppen climate classificationCfb), but with significant continental influences and very closely bordering on a humid continental climate (Dfb) as well as a humid subtropical climate (Cfa). Zagreb has four separate seasons. Summers are warm, at the end of May the temperatures start rising and it is often pleasant with occasional thunderstorms. Heatwaves can occur but are short-lived. Temperatures rise above 30 °C (86 °F) on an average 14.6 days each summer. Rainfall is abundant in the summertime and it continues to be in autumn as well. Zagreb is Europe's 9th wettest capital, behind Luxembourg and ahead of Brussels, Belgium. Autumn in its early stages is mild with an increase of rainy days and precipitation as well as a steady temperature fall towards its end. Morning fog is common from mid-October to January with northern city districts at the foothills of the Medvednica mountain as well as those along the Sava river being more prone to all-day fog accumulation. Winters are cold with a precipitation decrease pattern. Even though there is no discernible dry season, February is the driest month with 39 mm of precipitation. On average there are 29 days with snowfall with first snow falling in early November. Springs are generally mild and pleasant with frequent weather changes and are windier than other seasons. Sometimes cold spells can occur, mostly in its early stages. The average daily mean temperature in the winter is around 1 °C (34 °F) (from December to February) and the average temperature in the summer is 22.0 °C (71.6 °F).[69]
The highest recorded temperature at the Maksimir weather station was 40.4 °C (104.7 °F) in July 1950, and lowest was −27.3 °C (−17.1 °F) in February 1956.[70] A temperature of −30.5 °C (−22.9 °F) was recorded on the since defunct Borongaj Airfield in February 1940.[71]
Climate data for Zagreb (1971–2000, extremes 1949–2014) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 19.4 (66.9) | 22.2 (72.0) | 26.0 (78.8) | 30.5 (86.9) | 33.7 (92.7) | 37.6 (99.7) | 40.4 (104.7) | 39.8 (103.6) | 34.0 (93.2) | 28.3 (82.9) | 25.4 (77.7) | 22.5 (72.5) | 40.4 (104.7) |
Average high °C (°F) | 3.7 (38.7) | 6.8 (44.2) | 11.9 (53.4) | 16.3 (61.3) | 21.5 (70.7) | 24.5 (76.1) | 26.7 (80.1) | 26.3 (79.3) | 22.1 (71.8) | 15.8 (60.4) | 8.9 (48.0) | 4.6 (40.3) | 15.8 (60.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 0.3 (32.5) | 2.3 (36.1) | 6.4 (43.5) | 10.7 (51.3) | 15.8 (60.4) | 18.8 (65.8) | 20.6 (69.1) | 20.1 (68.2) | 15.9 (60.6) | 10.5 (50.9) | 5.0 (41.0) | 1.4 (34.5) | 10.7 (51.3) |
Average low °C (°F) | −3.0 (26.6) | −1.8 (28.8) | 1.6 (34.9) | 5.2 (41.4) | 9.8 (49.6) | 13.0 (55.4) | 14.7 (58.5) | 14.4 (57.9) | 10.8 (51.4) | 6.2 (43.2) | 1.4 (34.5) | −1.7 (28.9) | 5.9 (42.6) |
Record low °C (°F) | −24.3 (−11.7) | −27.3 (−17.1) | −18.3 (−0.9) | −4.4 (24.1) | −1.8 (28.8) | 2.5 (36.5) | 5.4 (41.7) | 3.7 (38.7) | −0.6 (30.9) | −5.6 (21.9) | −13.5 (7.7) | −19.8 (−3.6) | −27.5 (−17.5) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 43.2 (1.70) | 38.9 (1.53) | 52.6 (2.07) | 59.3 (2.33) | 72.6 (2.86) | 95.3 (3.75) | 77.4 (3.05) | 92.3 (3.63) | 85.8 (3.38) | 82.9 (3.26) | 80.1 (3.15) | 59.6 (2.35) | 840.1 (33.07) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 9.8 | 9.4 | 11.0 | 13.0 | 13.5 | 13.7 | 11.2 | 10.4 | 10.4 | 10.9 | 11.3 | 11.0 | 135.6 |
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm) | 10.3 | 7.1 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 6.7 | 29.0 |
Average relative humidity (%) | 82.5 | 76.4 | 70.3 | 67.5 | 68.3 | 69.7 | 69.1 | 72.1 | 77.7 | 81.3 | 83.6 | 84.8 | 75.3 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 55.8 | 98.9 | 142.6 | 168.0 | 229.4 | 234.0 | 275.9 | 257.3 | 189.0 | 124.0 | 63.0 | 49.6 | 1,887.5 |
Percent possible sunshine | 23 | 39 | 43 | 45 | 54 | 55 | 63 | 63 | 54 | 41 | 26 | 23 | 47 |
Source: Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service[69][70] |
Climate data for Zagreb | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily daylight hours | 9.0 | 10.0 | 12.0 | 14.0 | 15.0 | 16.0 | 15.0 | 14.0 | 13.0 | 11.0 | 9.0 | 9.0 | 12.3 |
Average Ultraviolet index | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 7 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 4.3 |
Source: Weather Atlas[72] |
Cityscape[edit]
- St. Mark's Square: Banski dvori (Croatian Government residence), St. Mark's Church, Croatian Parliament
The most important historical high-rise constructions are Neboder on Ban Jelačić Square, Cibona Tower (1987) and Zagrepčanka (1976) on Savska Street, Mamutica in Travno (Novi Zagreb – istok district, built in 1974) and Zagreb TV Tower on Sljeme (built in 1973).[73]
In the 2000s, the City Assembly approved a new plan that allowed for the many recent high-rise buildings in Zagreb, such as the Almeria Tower, Eurotower, HOTO Tower, Zagrebtower and one of the tallest skyscrapers Sky Office Tower.[74][75]
In Novi Zagreb, the neighbourhoods of Blato and Lanište expanded significantly, including the Zagreb Arena and the adjoining business centre.[76]
Due to a long-standing restriction that forbade the construction of 10-story or higher buildings, most of Zagreb's high-rise buildings date from the 1970s and 1980s and new apartment buildings on the outskirts of the city are usually 4–8 floors tall. Exceptions to the restriction have been made in recent years, such as permitting the construction of high-rise buildings in Lanište or Kajzerica.[77]
- Zagreb sights
Surroundings[edit]
Sljeme, a peak of the Medvednica mountain
Altar of the Homeland
Medvedgrad fortress
The wider Zagreb area has been continuously inhabited since the prehistoric period, as witnessed by archaeological findings in the Veternica cave from the Paleolithic and excavation of the remains of the Roman Andautonia near the present village of Šćitarjevo.
Picturesque former villages on the slopes of Medvednica, Šestine, Gračani and Remete, maintain their rich traditions, including folk costumes, Šestine umbrellas, and gingerbread products.
To the north is the Medvednica Mountain (Croatian: Zagrebačka gora), with its highest peak Sljeme (1,035 m), where one of the tallest structures in Croatia, Zagreb TV Tower is located. The Sava and the Kupa valleys are to the south of Zagreb, and the region of Hrvatsko Zagorje is located on the other (northern) side of the Medvednica hill. In mid-January 2005, Sljeme held its first World Ski Championship tournament.
From the summit, weather permitting, the vista reaches as far as Velebit Range along Croatia's rocky northern coast, as well as the snow-capped peaks of the towering Julian Alps in neighbouring Slovenia. There are several lodging villages, offering accommodation and restaurants for hikers. Skiers visit Sljeme, which has four ski-runs, three ski-lifts and a chairlift.
The old Medvedgrad, a recently restored medieval burg was built in the 13th century on Medvednica hill. It overlooks the western part of the city and also hosts the Shrine of the Homeland, a memorial with an eternal flame, where Croatia pays reverence to all its heroes fallen for homeland in its history, customarily on national holidays. The ruined medieval fortress Susedgrad is located on far-western side of Medvednica hill. It has been abandoned since the early 17th century, but it is visited during the year.
Zagreb occasionally experiences earthquakes, due to the proximity of Žumberak-Medvednica fault zone.[78] It's classified as an area of high seismic activity.[79] The area around Medvednica was the epicentre of the 1880 Zagreb earthquake (magnitude 6.3), and the area is known for occasional landslide threatening houses in the area.[80] The proximity of strong seismic sources presents a real danger of strong earthquakes.[80] Croatian Chief of Office of Emergency Management Pavle Kalinić stated Zagreb experiences around 400 earthquakes a year, most of them being imperceptible. However, in case of a strong earthquake, it's expected that 3,000 people would die and up to 15,000 would be wounded.[81]
Demographics[edit]
Zagreb by SPOT Satellite
Mamutica in East Novi Zagrebcity district (Travno local committee area), an apartment complex built in 1974 as the Croatian version of the plattenbau, largest building (by volume) in Zagreb and in Croatia
Zagreb is by far the largest city in Croatia in terms of area and population. The official 2011 census counted 792,325 residents,[82][83] although due to a substantial immigrant influx the number of people residing in the city is much higher.
Zagreb metropolitan area population is slightly above 1.1 million inhabitants,[84] as it includes the Zagreb County.[85] Zagreb metropolitan area makes approximately a quarter of a total population of Croatia.In 1997, the City of Zagreb itself was given special County status, separating it from Zagreb County,[86] although it remains the administrative centre of both.
The majority of its citizens are Croats making up 93% of the city's population (2011 census). The same census records around 55,000 residents belonging to ethnic minorities: 17,526 Serbs (2.22%), 8,119 Bosniaks (1.03%), 4,292 Albanians (0.54%), 2,755 Romani (0.35%), 2,132 Slovenes (0.27%), 1,194 Macedonians (0.15%), 1,191 Montenegrins (0.15%), and a number of other smaller communities.[87]
City districts[edit]
Since 14 December 1999 City of Zagreb is divided into 17 city districts (gradska četvrt, pl. gradske četvrti):[5][88]
# | District | Area (km²) | Population (2011) | Population (2001) | Population density (2001) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Donji Grad | 3.01 | 37,123 | 45,108 | 14,956.2 |
2. | Gornji Grad – Medveščak | 10.12 | 31,279 | 36,384 | 3,593.5 |
3. | Trnje | 7.37 | 42,126 | 45,267 | 6,146.2 |
4. | Maksimir | 14.35 | 49,448 | 49,750 | 3,467.1 |
5. | Peščenica – Žitnjak | 35.30 | 56,446 | 58,283 | 1,651.3 |
6. | Novi Zagreb – istok | 16.54 | 59,227 | 65,301 | 3,947.1 |
7. | Novi Zagreb – zapad | 62.59 | 58,025 | 48,981 | 782.5 |
8. | Trešnjevka – sjever | 5.83 | 55,342 | 55,358 | 9,498.6 |
9. | Trešnjevka – jug | 9.84 | 66,595 | 67,162 | 6,828.1 |
10. | Črnomerec | 24.33 | 39,040 | 38,762 | 1,593.4 |
11. | Gornja Dubrava | 40.28 | 62,221 | 61,388 | 1,524.1 |
12. | Donja Dubrava | 10.82 | 36,461 | 35,944 | 3,321.1 |
13. | Stenjevec | 12.18 | 51,849 | 41,257 | 3,387.3 |
14. | Podsused – Vrapče | 36.05 | 45,771 | 42,360 | 1,175.1 |
15. | Podsljeme | 60.11 | 19,249 | 17,744 | 295.2 |
16. | Sesvete | 165.26 | 70,633 | 59,212 | 358.3 |
17. | Brezovica | 127.45 | 12,040 | 10,884 | 85.4 |
TOTAL | 641.43 | 792,875 | 779,145 | 1,214.9 |
City districts are subdivided in 218 local committees as primary units of local self-government.[89]
Model of the city by Damir Mataušić
Settlements[edit]
Petar Preradović Square
The city itself is not the only standalone settlement in the City of Zagreb administrative area – there are a number of larger urban settlements like Sesvete and Lučko and a number of smaller villages attached to it whose population is tracked separately.[4] There are 70 settlements in the City of Zagreb administrative area:
- Adamovec, population 975
- Belovar, population 378
- Blaguša, population 594
- Botinec, population 9
- Brebernica, population 49
- Brezovica, population 594
- Budenec, population 323
- Buzin, population 1,055
- Cerje, population 398
- Demerje, population 721
- Desprim, population 377
- Dobrodol, population 1,203
- Donji Čehi, population 232
- Donji Dragonožec, population 577
- Donji Trpuci, population 428
- Drenčec, population 131
- Drežnik Brezovički, population 656
- Dumovec, population 903
- Đurđekovec, population 778
- Gajec, population 311
- Glavnica Donja, population 544
- Glavnica Gornja, population 226
- Glavničica, population 229
- Goli Breg, population 406
- Goranec, population 449
- Gornji Čehi, population 363
- Gornji Dragonožec, population 295
- Gornji Trpuci, population 87
- Grančari, population 221
- Havidić Selo, population 53
- Horvati, population 1,490
- Hrašće Turopoljsko, population 1,202
- Hrvatski Leskovac, population 2,687
- Hudi Bitek, population 441
- Ivanja Reka, population 1,800
- Jesenovec, population 460
- Ježdovec, population 1,728
- Kašina, population 1,548
- Kašinska Sopnica, population 245
- Kučilovina, population 219
- Kućanec, population 228
- Kupinečki Kraljevec, population 1,957
- Lipnica, population 207
- Lučko, population 3,010
- Lužan, population 719
- Mala Mlaka, population 636
- Markovo Polje, population 425
- Moravče, population 663
- Odra, population 1,866
- Odranski Obrež, population 1,578
- Paruževina, population 632
- Planina Donja, population 554
- Planina Gornja, population 247
- Popovec, population 937
- Prekvršje, population 809
- Prepuštovec, population 332
- Sesvete, population 54,085
- Soblinec, population 978
- Starjak, population 227
- Strmec, population 645
- Šašinovec, population 678
- Šimunčevec, population 271
- Veliko Polje, population 1,668
- Vuger Selo, population 273
- Vugrovec Donji, population 442
- Vugrovec Gornji, population 357
- Vurnovec, population 201
- Zadvorsko, population 1,288
- Zagreb, population 688,163
- Žerjavinec, population 556
Government and politics[edit]
The current mayor of Zagreb is Milan Bandić (BM 365 –Labour and Solidarity Party). He was confirmed as mayor on 4 June 2017 (Zagreb local elections 2017, second round). Two deputy mayors (vice mayoresses) are Jelena Pavičić-Vukičević and Olivera Jurković-Majić.
The Zagreb Assembly is composed of 51 representatives. Last elections were held on 21 May 2017 (Zagreb local elections). The current structure of the city assembly by party lines is as follows (2 December 2017):[90]
Groups | No. of members per group | Graph | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2019 | ||||||||||||||||||
BM 365, ZL, NS - R | 16 | |||||||||||||||||
HDZ | 7 | |||||||||||||||||
Independents | 7 | |||||||||||||||||
SDP | 6 | |||||||||||||||||
NHR | 5 | |||||||||||||||||
Left Bloc | 4 | |||||||||||||||||
HSLS | 3 | |||||||||||||||||
GLAS, HSU | 3 | |||||||||||||||||
Note: | ||||||||||||||||||
Source: [91] |
Elections[edit]
Administration[edit]
According to the Constitution, the city of Zagreb, as the capital of Croatia, has a special status. As such, Zagreb performs self-governing public affairs of both city and county. It is also the seat of the Zagreb County which encircles Zagreb.
The city administration bodies are the Zagreb City Assembly (Gradska skupština Grada Zagreba) as the representative body and the mayor of Zagreb (Gradonačelnik Grada Zagreba) who is the executive head of the city.
The City Assembly is the representative body of the citizens of the City of Zagreb elected for a four-year term on the basis of universal suffrage in direct elections by secret ballot using proportional system with d'Hondt method in a manner specified by law. There are 51 representatives in the City Assembly, among them president and vice-presidents of the assembly are elected by the representatives.
Zagreb City Administration
Prior to 2009, the mayor was elected by the City Assembly. It was changed to direct elections by majoritarian vote (two-round system) in 2009. The mayor is the head of the city administration and has two deputies (directly elected together with him/her). The term of office of the mayor (and his/her deputies) is four years. The mayor (with the deputies) may be recalled by a referendum according to law (not less than 20% of all electors in the City of Zagreb or not less than two-thirds of the Zagreb Assembly city deputies have the right to initiate a city referendum regarding recalling of the mayor; when a majority of voters taking part in the referendum vote in favour of the recall, provided that majority includes not less than one third of all persons entitled to vote in the City of Zagreb, i.e. ⅓ of persons in the City of Zagreb electoral register, the mayor's mandate shall be deemed revoked and special mayoral by-elections shall be held).
In the City of Zagreb the mayor is also responsible for the state administration (due to the special status of Zagreb as a 'city with county rights', there isn't State Administration Office which in all counties performs tasks of the central government).
City administration offices, institutions and services (18 city offices, 1 public institute or bureau and 2 city services) have been founded for performing activities within the self-administrative sphere and activities entrusted by the state administration.The city administrative bodies are managed by the principals (appointed by the mayor for a four-year term of office, may be appointed again to the same duty). The City Assembly Professional Service is managed by the secretary of the City Assembly (appointed by the Assembly).
Local government is organised in 17 city districts (or city borroughs) represented by City District Councils. Residents of districts elect members of councils.[92]
International relations[edit]
Twin towns — sister cities[edit]
Zagreb is twinned with the following towns and cities:[93][94][95]
- Bologna, Italy(since 1963)
- Mainz, Germany(since 1967)
- Saint Petersburg, Russia(since 1968)[96]
- Tromsø, Norway(since 1971)
- Buenos Aires, Argentina(since 1972)
- Kyoto, Japan(since 1972)[97]
- Lisbon, Portugal(since 1977)[98][99]
- Pittsburgh, USA(since 1980)
- Shanghai, China(since 1980)
- Budapest, Hungary(since 1994)[100]
- La Paz, Bolivia(since 2000)
- Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina(since 2001)[101]
- Ljubljana, Slovenia(since 2001)[102]
- Podgorica, Montenegro(since 2006)
- Tabriz, Iran (since 2006)[103]
- Ankara, Turkey(since 2008)[104]
- London, United Kingdom(since 2009)
- Prizren, Kosovo[a](since 2010)
- Skopje, North Macedonia(since 2011)
- Warsaw, Poland(since 2011)[105]
- Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan(since 2014)[106]
- Rome, Italy(since 2014)[95]
- Vienna, Austria(since 2014)[95]
- Petrinja, Croatia(since 2015)[107]
- Vukovar, Croatia(since 2016)[108]
Partner cities[edit]
The city has partnership arrangements with:
|
Culture[edit]
Tourism[edit]
Zagreb is an important tourist centre, not only in terms of passengers travelling from the rest of Europe to the Adriatic Sea, but also as a travel destination itself. Since the end of the war, it has attracted close to a million visitors annually, mainly from Austria, Germany and Italy, and in recent years many tourists from far east (South Korea, Japan, China, and last two years, from India). It has become an important tourist destination, not only in Croatia, but considering the whole region of southeastern Europe. There are many interesting sights and happenings for tourists to attend in Zagreb, for example, the two statues of Saint George, one at the Republic of Croatia Square, the other at Kamenita vrata, where the image of Virgin Mary is said to be only thing that hasn't burned in the 17th-century fire. Also, there is an art installation starting in Bogovićeva street, called Nine Views. Most people don't know what the statue 'Prizemljeno Sunce' (The Grounded Sun) is for, and just scrawl graffiti or signatures on it, but it's actually the Sun scaled down, with many planets situated all over Zagreb in scale with the Sun. There are also many festivals and events throughout the year, which made Zagreb a year-round tourist destination for many years already.
- Points of interest
The historical part of the city to the north of Ban Jelačić Square is composed of the Gornji Grad and Kaptol, a medieval urban complex of churches, palaces, museums, galleries and government buildings that are popular with tourists on sightseeing tours. The historic district can be reached on foot, starting from Jelačić Square, the centre of Zagreb, or by a funicular on nearby Tomićeva Street. Each Saturday, (from April till the end of September), on St. Mark's Square in the Upper town, tourists can meet members of the Order of The Silver Dragon (Red Srebrnog Zmaja), who reenact famous historical conflicts between Gradec and Kaptol. It's a great opportunity for all visitors to take photographs of authentic and fully functional historical replicas of medieval armour.
In 2010 more than 600,000[112] tourists visited the city, with a 10%[113] increase seen in 2011. In 2012 a total of 675 707 tourists[114] visited the city.The record number of tourists visited Zagreb in 2017. – 1.286.087, up 16% compared to the year before, which generated 2.263.758 overnight stays, up 14,8%.
Souvenirs and gastronomy[edit]
Licitar hearts, a popular souvenir
Numerous shops, boutiques, store houses and shopping centres offer a variety of quality clothing. There are about fourteen big shopping centres in Zagreb. Zagreb's offerings include crystal, china and ceramics, wicker or straw baskets, and top-quality Croatian wines and gastronomic products.
Notable Zagreb souvenirs are the tie or cravat, an accessory named after Croats who wore characteristic scarves around their necks in the Thirty Years' War in the 17th century and the ball-point pen, a tool developed from the inventions by Slavoljub Eduard Penkala, an inventor and a citizen of Zagreb.
Many Zagreb restaurants offer various specialties of national and international cuisine. Domestic products which deserve to be tasted include turkey, duck or goose with mlinci (a kind of pasta), štrukli (cottage cheese strudel), sir i vrhnje (cottage cheese with cream), kremšnite (custard slices in flaky pastry), and orehnjača (traditional walnut roll).
Museums[edit]
Zagreb's numerous museums reflect the history, art and culture not only of Zagreb and Croatia, but also of Europe and the world. Around thirty collections in museums and galleries comprise more than 3.6 million various exhibits, excluding church and private collections.
The Archaeological Museum (19 Nikola Šubić Zrinski Square) collections, today consisting of nearly 450,000 varied archaeological artefacts and monuments, have been gathered over the years from many different sources. These holdings include evidence of Croatian presence in the area.[115] The most famous are the Egyptian collection, the Zagreb mummy and bandages with the oldest Etruscan inscription in the world (Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis), as well as the numismatic collection.
Modern Gallery (Croatian: Moderna galerija) holds the most important and comprehensive collection of paintings, sculptures and drawings by 19th- and 20th-century Croatian artists. The collection numbers more than 10,000 works of art, housed since 1934 in the historic Vranyczany Palace in the centre of Zageb, overlooking the Zrinjevac Park. A secondary gallery is the Josip Račić Studio at Margaretska 3.[116]
Croatian Natural History Museum (1 Demetrova Street) holds one of the world's most important collection of Neanderthal remains found at one site.[117] These are the remains, stone weapons and tools of prehistoric Krapina man. The holdings of the Croatian Natural History Museum comprise more than 250,000 specimens distributed among various collections.
Technical Museum (18 Savska Street) was founded in 1954 and it maintains the oldest preserved machine in the area, dating from 1830, which is still operational. The museum exhibits numerous historic aircraft, cars, machinery and equipment. There are some distinct sections in the museum: the Planetarium, the Apisarium, the Mine (model of mines for coal, iron and non-ferrous metals, about 300 m (980 ft) long), and the Nikola Tesla study.[118][119]
Museum of the City of Zagreb (20 Opatička Street) was established in 1907 by the Association of the Braća Hrvatskog Zmaja. It is located in a restored monumental complex (Popov toranj, the Observatory, Zakmardi Granary) of the former Convent of the Poor Clares, of 1650.[120] The Museum deals with topics from the cultural, artistic, economic and political history of the city spanning from Roman finds to the modern period. The holdings comprise over 80,000 items arranged systematically into collections of artistic and mundane objects characteristic of the city and its history.
Arts and Crafts Museum (10 Republic of Croatia Square) was founded in 1880 with the intention of preserving the works of art and craft against the new predominance of industrial products. With its 160,000 exhibits, the Arts and Crafts Museum is a national-level museum for artistic production and the history of material culture in Croatia.[121]
Ethnographic Museum (14 Ivan Mažuranić Square) was founded in 1919. It lies in the fine Secession building of the one-time Trades Hall of 1903. The ample holdings of about 80,000 items cover the ethnographic heritage of Croatia, classified in the three cultural zones: the Pannonian, Dinaric and Adriatic.[122]
Mimara Museum (5 Roosevelt Square) was founded with a donation from Ante 'Mimara' Topić and opened to the public in 1987. It is located in a late 19th-century neo-Renaissance palace.[123]The holdings comprise 3,750 works of art of various techniques and materials, and different cultures and civilisations.
Croatian Museum of Naïve Art (works by Croatian primitivists at 3 Ćirilometodska Street) is one of the first museums of naïve art in the world. The museum holds works of Croatian naïve expression of the 20th century. It is located in the 18th-century Raffay Palace in the Gornji Grad.The museum holdings consist of almost 2000 works of art – paintings, sculptures, drawings and prints, mainly by Croatians but also by other well-known world artists.[124] From time to time, the museum organises topics and retrospective exhibitions by naïve artists, expert meetings and educational workshops and playrooms.
The Museum of Contemporary Art was founded in 1954. Its new building hosts a rich collection of Croatian and international contemporary visual art which has been collected throughout the decades from the nineteen-fifties till today. The museum is located in the centre of Novi Zagreb, opened in 2009. The old location, 2 St. Catherine's Square, is part of the Kulmer Palace in the Gornji Grad.[125]
Other museums and galleriesValuable historical collections are also found in the Croatian School Museum, the Croatian Hunting Museum, the Croatian Sports Museum, the Croatian Post and Telecommunications Museum, the HAZU (Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts) Glyptotheque (collection of monuments), and the HAZU Graphics Cabinet.
The Strossmayer Gallery of Old Masters (11 Zrinski Square) offers permanent holdings presenting European paintings from the 14th to 19th centuries,[126] and the Ivan Meštrović Studio, (8 Mletačka Street) with sculptures, drawings, lithography portfolios and other items, was a donation of this great artist to his homeland The Museum and Gallery Center (4 Jesuit Square) introduces on various occasions the Croatian and foreign cultural and artistic heritage. The Art Pavilion (22 King Tomislav Square) by Viennese architects Hellmer and Fellmer who were the most famous designers of theatres in Central Europe is a neo-classical exhibition complex and one of the landmarks of the downtown. The exhibitions are also held in the impressive Meštrović building on Žrtava Fašizma Square — the Home of Croatian Fine Artists. The World Center 'Wonder of Croatian Naïve Art' (12 Ban Jelačić Square) exhibits masterpieces of Croatian naïve art as well as the works of a new generation of artists. The Modern Gallery (1 Hebrangova Street) comprises all relevant fine artists of the 19th and 20th centuries. The Museum of Broken Relationships at 2 Ćirilometodska holds people's mementos of past relationships.[127][128][129] It is the first private museum in the country.[130]Lauba House (23a Baruna Filipovića) presents works from Filip Trade Collection, a large private collection of modern and contemporary Croatian art and current artistic production.[131][132]
Events[edit]
Zagreb won the ‘Best European Christmas Market’ title three years in a row from 2015 to 2017.[133]
Croatian National Theatre
Golden Pram award of the Zagreb Film Festival
Zagreb developed its Advent several years, and it has been awarded Best Christmas Market 3 years in a row.[134] Hosting numerous events for 6 weeks, from December 1 till January 6.[135][136]
Zagreb has been, and is, hosting some of the most popular mainstream artists, in the past few years their concerts held the Rolling Stones, U2, Eric Clapton, Deep Purple, Bob Dylan, David Bowie, Roger Waters, Depeche Mode, Prodigy, Beyoncé, Nick Cave, Jamiroquai, Manu Chao, Massive Attack, Metallica, Snoop Dogg, Lady Gaga, Duran Duran as well as some of world most recognised underground artists such as Dimmu Borgir, Sepultura, Melvins, Mastodon and many more. Zagreb is also a home of the INmusic festival, one of the biggest open air festivals in Croatia which is being held every year, usually at the end of June. There are also many jazz festivals like Zagreb Jazz Festival which was the host for some of the most popular artists from world jazz scene like Pat Metheny or Sonny Rollins just to name a few. Zagreb is also home of many others club festivals like Žedno uho where many of indie, rock, metal and electronica artists like Animal Collective, Melvins, Butthole Surfers, Crippled Black Phoenix, NoMeansNo, The National (band), Mark Lanegan, Swans (band), Mudhoney etc. made there performances around the clubs and concert halls of Zagreb. This is mostly recognised because of the city's location, and its good traffic relations with other neighbouring European capital cities such as Vienna and Budapest. This is the effort of Zagreb community to increase the percentage of tourist visits during the summer time, as Croatia, in general, is a popular destination for many people around the globe during the vacation period.
Performing arts[edit]
There are about 20 permanent or seasonal theatres and stages. The Croatian National Theater in Zagreb was built in 1895 and opened by emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria. The most renowned concert hall named 'Vatroslav Lisinski', after the composer of the first Croatian opera, was built in 1973.
Animafest, the World Festival of Animated Films, takes place every even-numbered year, and the Music Biennale, the international festival of avant-garde music, every odd-numbered year. It also hosts the annual ZagrebDoxdocumentary film festival. The Festival of the Zagreb Philharmonic and the flowers exhibition Floraart (end of May or beginning of June), the Old-timer Rally annual events. In the summer, theatre performances and concerts, mostly in the Upper Town, are organised either indoors or outdoors. The stage on Opatovina hosts the Zagreb Histrionic Summer theatre events.
Zagreb is also the host of Zagrebfest, the oldest Croatian pop-musicfestival, as well as of several traditional international sports events and tournaments. The Day of the City of Zagreb on 16 November is celebrated every year with special festivities, especially on the Jarun lake in the southwestern part of the city.
Recreation and sports[edit]
Snow Queen Trophy is a World Cupalpine skirace in Zagreb.
Zagreb is home to numerous sports and recreational centres. Recreational Sports Center Jarun, situated on Jarun Lake in the southwest of the city, has fine shingle beaches, a world-class regatta course, a jogging lane around the lake, several restaurants, many night clubs and a discothèque. Its sports and recreation opportunities include swimming, sunbathing, waterskiing, angling and other water sports, but also beach volleyball, football, basketball, handball, table tennis, and mini-golf.
Dom Sportova, a sport centre in northern Trešnjevka features six halls. The largest two have seating capacity of 5,000 and 3,100 people, respectively.[137] This centre is used for basketball, handball, volleyball, hockey, gymnastics, tennis, etc. It also hosts music events.
Arena Zagreb was finished in 2008. The 16,500-seat arena[138] hosted the 2009 World Men's Handball Championship.The Dražen Petrović Basketball Hall seats 5,400 people. Alongside the hall is the 94-metre (308 ft) high glass Cibona Tower.Sports Park Mladost, situated on the embankment of the Sava river, has an Olympic-size swimming pool, smaller indoor and outdoor swimming pools, a sunbathing terrace, 16 tennis courts as well as basketball, volleyball, handball, football and field hockey courts.A volleyball sports hall is within the park.Sports and Recreational Center Šalata, located in Šalata, only a couple hundred meters from the Jelačić Square, is most attractive for tennis players. It comprises a big tennis court and eight smaller ones, two of which are covered by the so-called 'balloon', and another two equipped with lights. The centre also has swimming pools, basketball courts, football fields, a gym and fitness centre, and a four-lane bowling alley. Outdoor ice skating is a popular winter recreation. There are also several fine restaurants within and near the centre.
Maksimir Tennis Center, located in Ravnice east of downtown, consists of two sports blocks. The first comprises a tennis centre situated in a large tennis hall with four courts. There are 22 outdoor tennis courts with lights. The other block offers multipurpose sports facilities: apart from tennis courts, there are handball, basketball and indoor football grounds, as well as track and field facilities, a bocci ball alley and table tennis opportunities.
Recreational swimmers can enjoy a smaller-size indoor swimming pool in Daničićeva Street, and a newly opened indoor Olympic-size pool at Utrine sports centre in Novi Zagreb. Skaters can skate in the skating rink on Trg Sportova (Sports Square) and on the lake Jarun Skaters' park. Hippodrome Zagreb offers recreational horseback riding opportunities, while horse races are held every weekend during the warmer part of the year.
The 38,923[139]-seat Maksimir Stadium, last 10 years under renovation, is located in Maksimir in the northeastern part of the city. The stadium is part of the immense Svetice recreational and sports complex (ŠRC Svetice), south of the Maksimir Park. The complex covers an area of 276,440 m2 (68 acres). It is part of a significant Green Zone, which passes from Medvednica Mountains in the north toward the south. ŠRC Svetice, together with Maksimir Park, creates an ideal connection of areas which are assigned to sport, recreation and leisure.
The latest larger recreational facility is Bundek, a group of two small lakes near the Sava in Novi Zagreb, surrounded by a partly forested park. The location had been used prior to the 1970s, but then went to neglect until 2006 when it was renovated.
Some of the most notable sport clubs in Zagreb are: NK Dinamo Zagreb, KHL Medveščak Zagreb, RK Zagreb, KK Cibona, KK Zagreb, KK Cedevita, NK Zagreb, HAVK Mladost and others.The city hosted the 2016 Davis Cup World Group final between Croatia and Argentina.
Religion[edit]
- Churches
- Zagreb Cathedral exterior
- St. Mark's Church exterior
- St. Catherine church
- Evangelical Lutheran Church
- Church of Lady of Remete
- Islamic Center
The Archdiocese of Zagreb is a metropolitan see of the Catholic Church in Croatia, serving as its religious centre. The current Archbishop is Josip Cardinal Bozanić. The Catholic Church is the largest religious organisation in Zagreb, Catholicism being the predominant religion of Croatia, with over 1.1 million adherents.[140]Zagreb is also the Episcopal see of the Metropolitanate of Zagreb and Ljubljana of the Serbian Orthodox Church.Islamic religious organisation of Croatia has the see in Zagreb. Current president is Mufti Aziz Hasanović. There used to be a mosque in the Meštrović Pavilion during World War II[141] at the Žrtava Fašizma Square, but it was relocated to the neighbourhood of Borovje in Peščenica. Mainstream Protestant churches have also been present in Zagreb – Evangelical (Lutheran) Church and Reformed Christian (Calvinist) Church. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) is also present in the Zagreb neighbourhood of Jarun whereas Jehovah's Witnesses have their headquarters in Central Zagreb.[142] In total there are around 40 non-Catholic religious organisations and denominations in Zagreb with their headquarters and places of worship across the city making it a large and diverse multicultural community.
Economy and infrastructure[edit]
The most important branches of industry are: production of electrical machines and devices, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, food and drink processing. Zagreb is an international trade and business centre, as well as an essential transport hub placed at the crossroads of Central Europe, the Mediterranean and the Southeast Europe.[143] Almost all of the largest Croatian as well as Central European companies and conglomerates such as Agrokor, INA, Hrvatski Telekom have their headquarters in the city.
The only Croatian stock exchange is the Zagreb Stock Exchange (Croatian: Zagrebačka burza), which is located in Eurotower, one of the tallest Croatian skyscrapers.
According to 2008 data, the city of Zagreb has the highest PPP and nominal gross domestic product per capita in Croatia at $32,185 and $27,271 respectively, compared to the Croatian averages of $18,686 and $15,758.[144]
As of May 2015, the average monthly net salary in Zagreb was 6,669 kuna, about €870 (Croatian average is 5,679 kuna, about €740).[145][146] At the end of 2012, the average unemployment rate in Zagreb was around 9.5%.[147]34% of companies in Croatia have headquarters in Zagreb, and 38.4% of the Croatian workforce works in Zagreb, including almost all banks, utility and public transport companies.[148][149][150]
Companies in Zagreb create 52% of total turnover and 60% of total profit of Croatia in 2006 as well as 35% of Croatian export and 57% of Croatian import.[151][152]
Transport[edit]
Highways[edit]
The ZET network of daytime tram lines in 2009 (Line 5 has since been extended to Maksimir and Kapelska and Hanuševa stops were removed)
Zagreb is the hub of five major Croatian highways.
The highway A6 was upgraded in October 2008 and leads from Zagreb to Rijeka, and forming a part of the Pan-European Corridor Vb. The upgrade coincided with the opening of the bridge over the Mura river on the A4 and the completion of the HungarianM7, which marked the opening of the first freeway corridor between Rijeka and Budapest.[153] The A1 starts at the Lučko interchange and concurs with the A6 up to the Bosiljevo 2 interchange, connecting Zagreb and Split (As of October 2008Vrgorac). A further extension of the A1 up to Dubrovnik is under construction. Both highways are tolled by the Croatian highway authorities Hrvatske autoceste and Autocesta Rijeka - Zagreb.[citation needed]
Highway A3 (formerly named Bratstvo i jedinstvo) was the showpiece of Croatia in the SFRY. It is the oldest Croatian highway.[154][155]A3 forms a part of the Pan-European Corridor X. The highway starts at the Breganaborder crossing, bypasses Zagreb forming the southern arch of the Zagreb bypass and ends at Lipovac near the Bajakovo border crossing. It continues in Southeast Europe in the direction of Near East. This highway is tolled except for the stretch between Bobovica and Ivanja Reka interchanges.[156]
Highway A2 is a part of the Corridor Xa.[157] It connects Zagreb and the frequently congested Macelj border crossing, forming a near-continuous motorway-level link between Zagreb and Western Europe.[158] Forming a part of the Corridor Vb, highway A4 starts in Zagreb forming the northeastern wing of the Zagreb bypass and leads to Hungary until the Goričan border crossing. It is often used highway around Zagreb.[159]
The railway and the highway A3 along the Sava river that extend to Slavonia (towards Slavonski Brod, Vinkovci, Osijek and Vukovar) are some of the busiest traffic corridors in the country.[160] The railway running along the Sutla river and the A2 highway (Zagreb-Macelj) running through Zagorje, as well as traffic connections with the Pannonian region and Hungary (the Zagorje railroad, the roads and railway to Varaždin – Čakovec and Koprivnica) are linked with truck routes.[161] The southern railway connection to Split operates on a high-speed tilting trains line via the Lika region (renovated in 2004 to allow for a five-hour journey); a faster line along the Una river valley is currently in use only up to the border between Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina.[161][162]
Roads[edit]
Roundabout in New Zagreb – west
The city has an extensive avenue network with numerous main arteries up to ten lanes wide and Zagreb bypass, a congested four-lane highway encircling most of the city. Traffic jams and daytime parking space are a great problem in the wider city centre area during the rush hour. Finding a parking space is supposed to be made somewhat easier by the construction of new underground multi-story parking lots (Importanne Center, Importanne Gallery, Lang Square, Tuškanac, Kvaternik Square, Klaić Street, etc.). The busiest roads are the main east-west arteries, former Highway 'Brotherhood and Unity', consisting of Ljubljanska Avenue, Zagrebačka Avenue and Slavonska Avenue; and the Vukovarska Avenue, the closest bypass of the city centre. The avenues were supposed to alleviate traffic problem, but most of them are today gridlocked at rush hour and others, like Branimirova Avenue and Dubrovnik Avenue which are gridlocked for the whole day.[163][164][165]European routesE59, E65 and E70 serve Zagreb.
Bridges[edit]
Zagreb has seven road traffic bridges across the river Sava, and they all span both the river and the levees, making them all by and large longer than 200 m (660 ft). In downstream order, these are:
Name (English) | Name (Croatian) | Year Finished | Type of bridge | Road that goes over | Other Information |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Podsused Bridge | Podsusedski most | 1982 | Two-lane road bridge with a commuter train line (not yet completed) | Samoborska Road | Connects Zagreb to its close suburbs by a road to Samobor, the fastest route to Bestovje, Sveta Nedelja and Strmec. |
Jankomir Bridge | Jankomirski most | 1958, 2006 (upgrade) | Four lane road bridge | Ljubljanska Avenue | Connects Ljubljanska Avenue to the Jankomir interchange and Zagreb bypass. |
Adriatic Bridge | Jadranski most | 1981 | Six lane road bridge (also carries tram tracks) | Adriatic Avenue | The most famous bridge in Zagreb. The bridge spans from Savska Street in the north to the Remetinec Roundabout in the south. |
Sava Bridge | Savski most | 1938 | Pedestrian since the construction of the Adriatic Bridge | Savska Road | The official name at the time of building was New Sava bridge, but it is the oldest still standing bridge over Sava. The bridge is known among experts due to some construction details.[166] |
Liberty Bridge | Most slobode | 1959 | Four lane road bridge | Većeslav Holjevac Avenue | It used to hold a pair of bus lanes, but due to the increasing individual traffic and better tram connections across the river, those were converted to normal lanes. |
Youth Bridge | Most mladosti | 1974 | Six lane road bridge (also carries tram tracks) | Marin Držić Avenue | Connects eastern Novi Zagreb to the districts of Trnje, Peščenica, Donja Dubrava and Maksimir. |
Homeland Bridge | Domovinski most | 2007 | Four-lane road bridge (also carries two bicycle and two pedestrian lanes; has space reserved for light railroad tracks) | Radnička (Workers') Road | This bridge is the last bridge built on Sava to date; it links Peščenica via Radnička street to the Zagreb bypass at Kosnica. It is planned to continue towards Zagreb Airport at Pleso and Velika Gorica, and on to state road D31 going to the south. |
There are also two rail traffic bridges across the Sava, one near the Sava bridge and one near Mičevec, as well as two bridges that are part of the Zagreb bypass, one near Zaprešić (west), and the other near Ivanja Reka (east).
Two additional bridges across the river Sava are proposed: Jarun Bridge and Bundek Bridge.
Public transportation[edit]
ZET tram and city bus
Newest model of the Zagreb city trains system
Public transportation in the city is organised in several layers: the inner parts of the city are mostly covered by trams, the outer city areas and closer suburbs are linked with buses and rapid transit commuter rail.
The public transportation company ZET (Zagrebački električni tramvaj, Zagreb Electric Tram) operates trams, all inner bus lines, and the most of the suburban bus lines, and it is subsidised by the city council.
The national rail operator Croatian Railways (Hrvatske željeznice, HŽ) runs a network of urban and suburban train lines in the metropolitan Zagreb area, and is a government-owned corporation.
The funicular (uspinjača) in the historic part of the city is a tourist attraction.
Taxi market has been liberalized in early 2018[167] and numerous transport companies have been allowed to enter the market; consequently, the prices significantly dropped whereas the service was immensely improved so the popularity of taxis in Zagreb has been increasing from then onwards.
Tram network[edit]
Zagreb has an extensive tram network with 15 day and 4 night lines covering much of the inner- and middle-suburbs of the city. The first tram line was opened on 5 September 1891 and trams have been serving as a vital component of Zagreb mass transit ever since. Trams usually travel at speeds of 30–50 kilometres per hour (19–31 miles per hour), but slow considerably during rush hour. The network operates at the curb whereas on larger avenues its tracks are situated inside the green belts.
An ambitious program, which entailed replacing old trams with the new and modern ones built mostly in Zagreb by companies Končar elektroindustrija and, to a lesser extent, by TŽV Gredelj, has recently been finished. The new 'TMK 2200', trams by the end of 2012 made around 95% of the fleet.[168]
Suburban rail network[edit]
The commuter rail network in Zagreb has existed since 1992. In 2005, suburban rail services were increased to a 15-minute frequency serving the middle and outer suburbs of Zagreb, primarily in the east-west direction and to the southern districts. This has enhanced the commuting opportunities across the city.[169]
A new link to the nearby town of Samobor has been announced and is due to start construction in 2014. This link will be standard-gauge and tie in with normal Croatian Railways operations. The previous narrow-gauge line to Samobor called Samoborček was closed in the 1970s.[170]
Air traffic[edit]
New terminal of the Franjo Tudjman Airport
Zagreb Airport (IATA: ZAG, ICAO: LDZA) is the main Croatian international airport, a 17 km (11 mi) drive southeast of Zagreb in the city of Velika Gorica. The airport is also the main Croatian airbase featuring a fighter squadron, helicopters, as well as military and freight transport aircraft.[171] The airport had 2,77 millions of passengers in 2016 with a new passenger terminal being opened in late March 2017 that can accommodate up to 5,5 million passengers.
Zagreb also has a second, smaller airport, Lučko (ICAO: LDZL). It is home to sports aeroplanes and a Croatian special police unit, as well as being a military helicopter airbase. Lučko used to be the main airport of Zagreb from 1947 to 1959.[172]
A third, small grass airfield, Buševec, is located just outside Velika Gorica. It is primarily used for sports purposes.[173]
Education[edit]
Great Hall of the Rectorate, University of Zagreb
Zagreb has 136 primary schools and 100 secondary schools including 30 gymnasia.[174][175] There are 5 public higher education institution and 9 private professional higher education schools.[176]
University[edit]
Founded in 1669, the University of Zagreb is the oldest continuously operating university in Croatia and one of the largest[177][178][179][180][181][182] and oldest universities in the Southeastern Europe. Ever since its foundation, the university has been continually growing and developing and now consists of 29 faculties, three art academies and the Croatian Studies Centre. More than 200,000 students have attained the Bachelor's degree at the university, which has also assigned 18,000 Master's and 8,000 Doctor's degrees.[183]As of 2011, the University of Zagreb is ranked among 500 Best Universities of the world by the Shanghai Academic Ranking of World Universities.
Zagreb is also the seat of two private universities: the Catholic University of Croatia and the Libertas International University; as well as numerous public and private polytehnics, colleges and higher professional schools.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
Footnotes[edit]
- ^ abfrom the household census
- ^population census without clergy and nobility
- ^Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008, but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013, as part of the Brussels Agreement. Kosovo has been recognized as an independent state by 112 out of 193 United Nationsmember states, while 10 states have recognized Kosovo only to later withdraw their recognition.
Citations[edit]
- ^'City of zagreb 2006'. City of Zagreb, Statistics Department. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 25 January 2008.
- ^'Statistički ljetopis Grada Zagreba 2007'(PDF) (in Croatian and English). 2013. ISSN1330-3678. Retrieved 12 November 2008.
- ^'City Population'.
- ^ ab'Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements, 2011 Census: City of Zagreb'. Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
- ^ ab'Population by age and sex, by districts of City of Zagreb'(HTML). Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012. Retrieved 31 August 2014.
- ^'Grad Zagreb Population'. Population.City. 14 September 2016. Retrieved 10 June 2017.
- ^https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/
- ^Wells, John C. (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman. ISBN978-1-4058-8118-0.
- ^Roach, Peter (2011). Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN978-0-521-15253-2.
- ^'Hrvatski jezični portal'. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
- ^'Grad Zagreb službene stranice'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'OSNOVNI PODACI O GRADU ZAGREBU'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Zagreb, Zagreb... – ZPR – FER'. Archived from the original on 30 July 2007. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^https://www.zagreb.hr/UserDocsImages/arhiva/statistika/ZGubrojkama.pdf
- ^'Arheološki park ANDAUTONIJA'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Arheološki park ANDAUTONIJA u Ščitarjevu – Arheološki muzej u Zagrebu'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Povijest – Andautonija'. Archived from the original on 26 July 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Andautonija – Turistička zajednica Zagrebačke županije'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Muzej grada Zagreba – 5. Slobodni kraljevski grad na Gradecu'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Kralj Bela IV Gradecu izdao Zlatnu bulu kojom je postao slobodni kraljevski grad'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'slobodni kraljevski gradovi i trgovišta | Hrvatska enciklopedija'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'slobodni kraljevski gradec – Grad Zagreb službene stranice'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Zlatna bula Bele IV. – Hrvatska enciklopedija'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Zagrebački gradonačelnici – Grad Zagreb službene stranice'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Popis gradonačelnika grada Zagreba / ZGportal Zagreb'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Izabran prvi zagrebački gradonačelnik u povijesti – 1851'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'15. svibnja 1851. – tko je bio prvi gradonačelnik Zagreba? – narod.hr'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Kakav je status Grada Zagreba? – Ministarstvo uprave'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Popis županija, gradova i općina'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Sustav lokalne i područne (regionalne) samouprave'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Zakon o Gradu Zagrebu – Zakon.hr'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Gradske četvrti – Grad Zagreb službene stranice'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Gradske četvrti grada Zagreba / ZGportal Zagreb'. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
- ^'Doznajte kako su glasale pojedine gradske četvrti Zagreba – Dnevnik.hr'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Gradska četvrt Podsljeme – Grad Zagreb službene stranice'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Karta Podsljeme – Zagreb – Karta Zagreba'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Gradska četvrt Podsljeme / ZGportal Zagreb'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Udaljenost Sesvete - Zagreb - Udaljenosti.com'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Karta Sesvete – Zagreb – Karta Zagreba'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Sesvete – Karta Zagreba'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Medvednica / Simboli grada Zagreba / ZGportal Zagreb'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Zagreb – Google Karte'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Karta Zagreba'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Zagreb – naša metropola'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Zagreb – moderna metropola bogate povijesti – HUP Zagreb'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Grad Zagreb – Velegrad zelenog srca – Jutarnji List'. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
- ^'Republika Grad Zagreb – STav'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Unitarna i centralizirana Hrvatska zrela za redizajn – Glas Slavonije'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Sindikati traže izdvajanje Grada Zagreba iz statističke podjele RH'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^Zagrabia in Giovanni Giacomo de Rossi's Mercurio Geografico (Dalmatia Istria Bosnia Servia Croatia parte di Schiavonia [...], Rome, c. 1692; swaen.com).
- ^Cod. Dipl. II 42: rex diuina gratia inspirante ... Zagrabiensem constituit episcopatum videlicet ut quos error idolatrie a dei cultura extraneos fecerat, episcopalis cuira ad viam veritatis reduceret.Mladen ANČIĆ, 'Dva teksta iz sredine 14. stoljeća. Prilog poznavanju „društvenog znanja“ u Hrvatskom Kraljevstvu ('Two works from the middle of the 14th century: Contribution to the understanding of “social knowledge” in the Croatian Kingdom') Starohrvatska prosvjeta III.40 (2013).
- ^ abDécsy, Gyula in: Jean-Claude Boulanger (ed.) Actes du XVIe Congrès international des sciences onomastiques: Québec, Université Laval, 16–22 août 1987 : le nom propre au carrefour des études humaines et des sciences sociales, Presses Université Laval (1990), ISBN978-2-7637-7213-4. p. 202.
- ^'Neke praslavenske riječi u hrvatskome – Hrčak – Srce'. Retrieved 10 July 2017.
- ^Frank Moore Colby, Talcott Williams Dodd, The New International Encyclopaedia, Volume 1, 1918, p. 239.
- ^Nikola Štambak, Zagreb (2004), p. 77.
- ^''BILA JEDNOM MANDA BAJNA, GRABILA JE IZ BUNARA' Legenda o Manduševcu i nastanku imena Zagreb'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'LEGENDA O IMENU ZAGREBA: Što se krije iza priče o Mandi i žednom junaku?'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Poznate i nepoznate legende o Zagrebu i okolici! - Narodni.NET'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Manduševac, fontana po kojoj je Zagreb dobio ime'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Zagreb nije oduvijek bio Zagreb. Znate li kako se zvao? – Večernji.hr'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Legend about Zagreb'. Croatian National Tourist Board. Retrieved on 12 November 2008.
- ^'The Roman town of Andautonia'. Andautonia Archaeological Park. Archived from the original on 7 December 2008. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
- ^'Ban Josip Jelačić'. hrt.hr (in Croatian). Croatian Radiotelevision. Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 30 October 2016.
- ^Sluzbeni List. 'Deklaraciju o proglašenju suverene i samostalne Republike Hrvatske (Declaration on the Sovereignty and Independence of the Croatian Republic)'. narodne-novine.nn.hr. Retrieved 27 May 2013.
- ^ abcd'The city of Zagreb'. hrt.hr. Croatian Radiotelevision. Archived from the original on 17 January 2007. Retrieved 2 July 2006.
- ^Maretić, Mirko (10 January 2008). 'O imaginarnim kartama Južnog= Novog Zagreba'. Zarez (in Croatian) (№ 222). Archived from the original on 15 May 2009. Retrieved 25 February 2009.
- ^'SAS Output'. Dzs.hr. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
- ^'Statistički ljetopis Grada Zagreba 2007. – 2. Stanovništvo'(PDF) (in Croatian and English). 2007. ISSN1330-3678. Archived from the original(PDF) on 28 October 2008. Retrieved 12 November 2008.
- ^ ab'Zagreb Climate Normals'(PDF). Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
- ^ ab'Mjesečne vrijednosti za Zagreb Maksimir u razdoblju1949−2014' (in Croatian). Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service. Retrieved 3 December 2015.
- ^Marković, Đurđica (21 December 2011). 'Najledeniji dani u našoj zemlji'. Meteo-info.hr (in Croatian). Retrieved 22 August 2018.
- ^'Zagreb, Croatia – Climate data'. Weather Atlas. Retrieved 9 March 2017.
- ^'Zagreb hoteli – putovanje u Zagreb'. Blogger (in Croatian). 19 December 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
- ^'Sky Office – Zagreb'. Sky Office (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 17 August 2015. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
- ^'Sky Office Tower, Zagreb'. Empoirs. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
- ^'Blato i Lanište postaju najsuvremeniji dio Zagreba?'. novi-zagreb.hr (in Croatian). 28 March 2008. Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 27 July 2008.
- ^'Na Laništu gradnja iznad 9 katova'. Javno.hr (in Croatian). 21 June 2007. Archived from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 21 September 2009.
- ^SEISMOGENIC ZONES OF NORTHWESTERN CROATIAArchived 6 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine GNGTS 2008
- ^'Earthquake – Zagreb, Croatia – Embassy of the United States'. usembassy.gov. Archived from the original on 6 February 2016.
- ^ abdpuljic. 'Potresi na zagrebačkom području'. hgi-cgs.hr.
- ^'STIŽU UPUTE KAKO SE PONAŠATI: 'Potresi se stalno događaju. Zagreb ih ima 400 godišnje''. net.hr. 14 January 2016.
- ^Zagreb city council (2011). 'GRADSKI URED ZA STRATEGIJSKO PLANIRANJE I RAZVOJ GRADA – Odjel za statistiku'. www1.zagreb.hr. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
- ^About Croatia (2011). 'About Croatia – Population of Croatia'. Information provided by the Croatian Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 16 June 2011.
- ^City Mayors & Tann vom Hove (2010). 'City Mayors: Largest cities and their mayors in 2011 (Countries A-D)'. citymayors.com. Retrieved 29 June 2011.
City Mayors & Tann vom Hove
- ^Sić, Miroslav (2007). 'Spatial and functional changes in recent urban development of Zagreb'(PDF). Delo. Archived from the original(PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 6 November 2008.
- ^Narodne novine 62/01, 125/08
- ^'Population by Ethnicity, By Towns/Municipalities, 2011 Census'. Census 2011. Croatian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 16 April 2015.
- ^'City of Zagreb – Population by districts'. Census 2001. Croatian Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
- ^'zagreb.hr – Local self-government'. Retrieved 28 September 2016.
- ^'zagreb.hr – Političke stranke u Gradskoj skupštini (The Political parties structure)'. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
- ^http://www.skupstina.zagreb.hr/default.aspx?id=605
- ^'zagreb.hr – Zagreb in brief (City administration)'. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
- ^'Intercity and International Cooperation of the City of Zagreb'. © 2006–2009 City of Zagreb. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
- ^'Gradovi prijatelji grada Zagreba'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^ abc'Na Bundekfestu prvi put i gradovi prijatelji-Rim, Beč, Budimpešta i Ljubljana'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Saint Petersburg in figures – International and Interregional Ties'. Saint Petersburg City Government. Archived from the original on 24 February 2009. Retrieved 23 March 2008.
- ^'Sister Cities of Kyoto City'. City of Kyoto. Archived from the original on 21 January 2014. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
- ^'Lisboa – Geminações de Cidades e Vilas' [Lisbon – Twinning of Cities and Towns]. Associação Nacional de Municípios Portugueses [National Association of Portuguese Municipalities] (in Portuguese). Retrieved 23 August 2013.
- ^'Acordos de Geminação, de Cooperação e/ou Amizade da Cidade de Lisboa' [Lisbon – Twinning Agreements, Cooperation and Friendship]. Camara Municipal de Lisboa (in Portuguese). Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 23 August 2013.
- ^'Budapest – Testvérvárosok' [Budapest – Twin Cities]. Budapest Főváros Önkormányzatának hivatalos oldala [Official site of the Municipality of Budapest] (in Hungarian). Archived from the original on 9 August 2013. Retrieved 14 August 2013.
- ^'Fraternity cities on Sarajevo Official Web Site'. © City of Sarajevo 2001–2008. Archived from the original on 1 December 2008. Retrieved 9 November 2008.
- ^'Medmestno in mednarodno sodelovanje'. Mestna občina Ljubljana (Ljubljana City) (in Slovenian). Archived from the original on 26 June 2013. Retrieved 27 July 2013.
- ^'سفير كرواسي در تهران: 'زاگرب' با تبريز خواهر خوانده ميشود'. Farsnews.com. Retrieved 23 December 2015.
- ^'Sister Cities of Ankara'. ankara.bel.tr.
- ^'Gradovi prijatelji grada Zagreba'. ZGportal Zagreb. Retrieved 25 August 2015.
- ^'Declaration of intent signed by Akim of Astana and Mayor of Croatias capital'. Akimat of Astana. 4 July 2014. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 9 October 2014.
- ^'Zagreb i Petrinja postaju gradovi prijatelji'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Vukovar i Zagreb gradovi prijatelji: Povelju o prijateljstvu potpisali Bandić i Penava'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Kraków otwarty na świat'. www.krakow.pl. Retrieved 19 July 2009.
- ^'Twinning Cities: International Relations'(PDF). Municipality of Tirana. www.tirana.gov.al. Archived from the original(PDF) on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 23 June 2009.
- ^Twinning Cities: International Relations. Municipality of Tirana. www.tirana.gov.al. Retrieved on 25 January 2008.
- ^'Broj turistickih dolazaka'. poslovni.hr. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^'Broj turista najvise porastao u Zagrebu'. kigo.hr. Archived from the original on 1 March 2013. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
- ^'U Zagrebu više turista i noćenja'. Ministry of Tourism. Retrieved 27 September 2013.
- ^'The History and Activities of the Archeological Museum'. Archived from the original on 18 May 2006. Retrieved 2 July 2006.
- ^'Modern Gallery'. Moderna Galerija. Retrieved 8 October 2010.
- ^'Croatian Natural History Museum'. Retrieved 2 July 2006.
- ^'Technical Museum'. Retrieved 2 July 2006.
- ^'Tehnički muzej'. Official web site (in Croatian). Zagreb, Croatia: Technical Museum. Retrieved 27 December 2010.
- ^'Museum of the City of Zagreb'. Retrieved 2 July 2006.
- ^'Arts and Crafts Museum'. Retrieved 2 July 2006.
- ^'Ethnographic Museum'. The Zagreb Tourist Board. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
- ^'Mimara Museum'. Retrieved 2 July 2006.
- ^'Croatian Naïve Art Museum'. Retrieved 2 July 2006.
- ^'The Museum of Contemporary Art Zagreb'. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
- ^'About Strossmayer's Old Masters Gallery'. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2 July 2006.
- ^'Museum of Broken Relationships'. New.brokenships.com. Archived from the original on 20 November 2011. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^'Museum of Broken Relationships: BBC video'. Bbc.co.uk. 13 December 2010. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^'A Poignant Trail of Broken Hearts, All on Display'. The New York Times. 15 February 2010.
- ^'The Museum of Broken Relationships'. En.wikinoticia.com. 25 November 2010. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
- ^'People and Art House Lauba'. Lauba.hr. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^'Lauba-The Youngest Centenarian in Town'. pogledaj.to. 25 April 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2011.
- ^'Zagreb treći put zaredom proglašen najboljom adventskom destinacijom na Starom kontinentu - Glavni grad Hrvatske pobijedio u glasovanju i Beč i Budimpeštu'. Jutarnji.hr. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
- ^Best Christmas Markets in Europe 2018;
- ^Advent in Zagreb;
- ^Zagreb Advent & Christmas Market;
- ^www.globaldizajn.hr, Globaldizajn. 'Ustanova Upravljanje sportskim objektima – Dvorane Doma sportova'. sportskiobjekti.hr.
- ^Arena Zagreb[circular reference]
- ^Stadion Maksimir[circular reference]
- ^'Zagreb(Archdiocese)-Statistics'. Zagreb(Archdiocese). Retrieved 3 May 2012.
- ^Meštrović Pavilion
- ^'Crkva Isusa Krista Svetaca Poslijednih Dana'. www.crkvaisusakrista.hr. Retrieved 2 September 2012.
- ^'About Zagreb Economy'. Archived from the original on 14 June 2006. Retrieved 2 July 2006.
- ^'Zagreb – City Office for Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship'. Archived from the original on 20 July 2013. Retrieved 25 April 2012.
- ^'Prosječna plaća u Zagrebu 990 kuna viša od hrvatskog prosjeka'. Index.hr. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
- ^Foto: Marijan Sušenj/PIXSELL. 'Znate li koliko iznosi prosječna plaća u Hrvatskoj? – Vijesti – hrvatska – Večernji list'. Vecernji.hr. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^'Službene stranice Grada Zagreba – Zaposlenost i nezaposlenost'. Zagreb.hr. 5 October 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2014.
- ^'CENTRALIZIRANA HRVATSKA Analiza Jutarnjeg – zaposleni Zagrepčani primaju 50 posto veće plaće od Varaždinaca!'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Centralizacija: Zagreb troši triput više od Rijeke, Splita i Osijeka zajedno'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Grabar Kitarović: Demografska slika Hrvatske je ogroman problem'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Gospodarstvo Grada Zagreba i Zagrebačke županije'(PDF). Croatian Chamber of Economy (in Croatian). 11 December 2007. Archived from the original(PDF) on 17 December 2008. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
- ^'Economic Profile of Zagreb Chamber of Commerce' (in Croatian). Croatian Chamber of Commerce, Zagreb Chamber of Commerce. Archived from the original on 15 January 2008. Retrieved 25 January 2008.
- ^'From Zagreb to Rijeka in an hour'. Product of Croatia. 22 October 2008. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
- ^'PRAZNOVANJE ROJSTNEGA DNE ZA OTROKE – NASVETI!' [Brotherhood and Unity Motorway] (in Slovenian). Zbirka.si. Archived from the original on 11 March 2016. Retrieved 27 August 2015.
- ^'Vremeplov' [Time machine] (in Serbian). Radio Television of Serbia. 1 April 2010. Retrieved 17 August 2015.
- ^'Autocesta A3 – Bregana–Zagreb–Lipovac' [Motorway A3 – Bregana–Zagreb–Lipovac] (PDF). Hrvatske autoceste. 3 July 2006. Archived from the original(PDF) on 20 February 2011. Retrieved 21 June 2017.
- ^'South East Europe Core Regional Transport Network Development Plan'. South-East Europe Transport Observatory. May 2006. Retrieved 13 November 2008.
- ^'Project appraisal document on a proposed loan to the Republic of Croatia'(PDF). The World Bank. 27 September 2000. Retrieved 13 November 2008.
- ^'Autocesta koja koči Hrvatsku'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Zagreb Transportation'. Retrieved 2 July 2006.
- ^ ab'Izvješće o mreži'. Croatian Railways (in Croatian). 2009. p. 67. Retrieved 13 November 2008.
- ^Pupačić, Tomislav (20 September 2004). 'Nagibni vlakovi više nisu nagibni'. Vjesnik (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2008.
- ^'PROMETNI KOLAPS Gužve zbog asfaltiranja Avenije Dubrovnik trajat će do kraja kolovoza'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'Zbog radova velike gužve u Novom Zagrebu, Avenija Dubrovnik djelomično zatvorena do srijede'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^'10 projekata koji bi riješili gradske gužve u Zagrebu – na čekanju'. Retrieved 20 June 2017.
- ^Neven Crnobrnja (2006). 'Bridges across the Sava River in Zagreb'. Građevinar (in Croatian). 57 (12). Zagreb, Croatia: Hrvatski savez građevinskih inženjera. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
- ^'Ministar Butković: Novim Zakonom o prijevozu u cestovnom prometu jeftiniji i dostupniji taksi za sve građane'. Government of the Republic of Croatia.
- ^'Predstavljen 71. niskopodni tramvaj' (in Croatian). Zagrebački električni tramvaj (ZET). 27 December 2007. Archived from the original on 31 December 2007. Retrieved 8 January 2008.
- ^Vojković, Ana Marija (1 August 2008). 'Zagreb kupuje 18 vlakova za brži prigradski promet'. 24 sata (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 28 September 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2008.
- ^'Uskoro Samoborček i novi prigradski vlakovi'(PDF). Zagrebački komunalni vjesnik (in Croatian) (№ 362): 11. 28 November 2007. ISSN1845-4968. Archived from the original(PDF, 134 KB) on 10 September 2008. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
- ^'Franjo Tuđman Airport terminal'. Retrieved 2 July 2006.
- ^'Zagreb Airport – History' (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 1 August 2008. Retrieved 2 October 2008.
- ^Kosović, Vedran (10 October 1999). 'Usprkos teškoćama leti se dalje'. Vjesnik (in Croatian). Archived from the original on 8 January 2009. Retrieved 31 July 2008.
- ^'Primary schools'. Republic of Croatia, Ministry of science, education and sports. Archived from the original on 11 July 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
- ^'Secondary schools'. Republic of Croatia, Ministry of science, education and sports. Archived from the original on 23 October 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2007.
- ^'Higher education institutions'. Republic of Croatia, Ministry of science, education and sports. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 3 September 2007.
- ^'About University'. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
- ^'Croatia: University of Zagreb – KTH'. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
- ^'University of Zagreb – CENTER FOR EUROPEAN EDUCATION'. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
- ^'University of Zagreb, Croatia – Europe Engage'. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
- ^'University of Zagreb – Top Universities'. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
- ^'4th Ensec Conference-Zagreb-Croatia'. Retrieved 23 July 2017.
- ^'Zagreb in brief'. City of Zagreb. Retrieved 11 November 2008.
Bibliography[edit]
- Cresswell, Peterjon; Atkins, Ismay; Dunn, Lily (10 July 2006). Time Out Croatia (First ed.). London, Berkeley & Toronto: Time Out Group Ltd & Ebury Publishing, Random House Ltd. 20 Vauxhall Bridge Road, London SV1V 2SA. ISBN978-1-904978-70-1.
External links[edit]
Preceded by Rotterdam, Netherlands (1953) | World Gymnaestrada host city 1957 | Succeeded by Stuttgart, West Germany (1961) |
Preceded by Kobe, Japan (1985) | Universiade host city 1987 | Succeeded by Duisburg, West Germany (1989) |
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zagreb&oldid=901769207'